4.Понятие франшизы. Обязанности сторон. Преимущества и недостатки данного бизнеса для обоих участников.

Franchising – business system in which a company (franchisor) sells an individual (franchisee) the right to operate a business using the franchisors established system or format.

Franchisee:

pays:

• franchise fee (or front end fee) – to buy the license

• royalty (or management services fee) for continuing advice and assistance (calculated as a percentage of annual turnover)

• advertising fee to contribute to franchisors annual advertising and marketing costs

• finds necessary capital to open the business

• buys products from particular supplier appointed by franchisor

• complies with/conforms to standards (quality of the products)

• recruits and manages personal

• provides annual reports on sales

Franchisor:

• provides operation manual (information for franchisee to run his business)

• provides equipment

• promotes the business through national advertising

• chooses supplier

• controls the way franchisee manages his business

• may appoint master franchisee (to supervise the business in particular area)

Benefits

Franchisee:

• safe bet, reduced risk( you will not fail, you are investing in a business that’s already operating in other places)

• quick access( iа advice needed)

Franchisor:

• expands business without making investments

• no need to recruit personnel

Problems for franchisee:

• not free in activity

• huge financial responsibility, much capital required, pay back at least 7-10 years. If you need more money the f-r won’t offer you any cash. He will literally just take the franchise from you when you lost much money.

• staff may let you down, you are the one who has to step in, maybe work in the kitchen…

• flexibility and willingness to work hard are necessary

Secrets of successful franchise:

• you need to have much dedication to the job.

• preparation - the most important part - in this business you need to be looking at the future

• staffing is the main problem. You have to find the right people who will enjoy their not a high-paying job.

• You need to be sure that you are constantly matching 2 issues:

• A)your bills will remain pretty constant B) you have a long- term vision (no immediate payback)

• be patient and enjoy the daily success of the business

5.Основные этапы коммерческой операции. Документы, используемые при международных торговых операциях.

Business documentation

Тrading documents are headed with name оf organization and differ in style.

1)Buyer -> Seller - Letter of enquiry

• sent to several suppliers before goods are ordered

• requires information before deciding who to buy from

(prices, sреcificаtiоns, catalogues/price lists, delivery dates, discounts, details оf carriage)

2) Seller -> Buyer sends Quotation, price list and catalogue The purchasing officer will receive several quotations + information from potential suppliers.

3)Buyer -> seller, sends an order (+dеtails such as prices and delivery)

Upon receipt of the official order the seller will check the details on it. Acknowledgement of order is sent to indicate that the de­tails on the order can be met.

4)Seller -> buyer:

• advice note (note to buyer with details of goods that they are being sent)

• delivery note (document confirming that goods have been delivered)

• invoice (document with details of goods, price, payment date)

if invoce is amended:

• credit note (sent to customer who is owed moneу, because goods have been returned)

• debit note (sent to customer who owes moneу to seller, because invoice was inсоrrеct)

- statement of account sent regularly to buyer listing аll invoices, debit/credit notes, amounts of payments made and total to be paid

From buyer to seller:

• cheque

The Bill of Lading

• a transfer document, most important one in shipping

• The exporter writes the importer's name on the bill of lading -it is a document of title - gives ownership of the goods to the person named on it.

• the words "to order" written on it /under the heading "consignee"/ - means that it is a negotiable document, can be traded. In this case it will be endorsed on the back and if the endorsement is blank there will be no restrictions on ownership. Bills are also marked "clean" to indicate that the goods were taken in good condition or "dirty/claused" if the packing or the goods were damaged. This protects the shipping company from claims.

The Bill of Exchange

• Drawn by the exporter and is given to his local bank together with other shipping documents

• This is sent to the importer who pays for the consignment and receives the shipping documents

• The importer may now collect the goods when they arrive

• Document against Payment: importers pays at sight

• Document against Acceptance: payment delayed. The importer writes “accepted” on the BoE and sends it back to the exporter’s bank and pays later.