Contract Law

Contract law is perhaps the most basic area of civil law. Every transaction, be it oral or written, for the purchase or sale of goods, land or intangible personal property, involves principles of contract law.

Contract law is the foundation upon which other areas of law are built. For example, suppose that two persons want to establish а business. Whether they propose а partnership, а corporation or any other type of organization, their venture involves principles of contract law. If employees are to be hired, any agreement between employer and employees involves contract law.

The business must operate from premises and use of machinery and equipment, and each of these necessities may be purchased or perhaps leased. Either way, principles of contract law apply. When the organization begins transacting business it must purchase raw materials, and those purchases involve contract 1aw. After the raw materials are processed into products, the manufacturer's sales to wholesalers' subsequent sales to retailers, and retailers' sales to consumers are all controlled by principles of contract law.

Notes

l. transaction - угода

2. intangible personal property - нематеріальне особисте майно (яке виражено у правах)

3.venture - підприємство

4. employee - робітник

5. employer - наймач

6. purchase - купівля

7. sale - продаж

8. whether...(conj.) - чи

Exercises

1) Fill in the blanks by words from the text above:

1. Contract law is perhaps the most basic...of civil law.

2. Every.....involves principles of contract law.

3. Contract law is the ...upon which other areas of law are built.

4. If employees are hired, any ...between employer and employees involves... .

5. When the organization begins... ..., premises, machinery, equipment and raw materials may be... or... .

2) Match the following noun phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1. contract law 1. угода

2. civil law 2. купівля товapiв

3. transaction 3. нематеріальне особисте майно

4. purchase of goods 4. сировина

5. sa1e of goods 5. договірне право

6. intangible personal property 6. продаж товapiв

7. basic area 7. головна галузь

8. raw materials 8. покупець

9. manufacturer 9. оптовик

10. wholesaler 10. роздрiбник

11. retailer 11. виробник

12. consumer 12. угода між сторонами

13. agreement between parties 13. цивільне право

3) Match the following verb phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1. to involve principles 1. пропонувати партнерство

2. to build areas of law 2. орендувати приміщення

3. to establish а business 3. розбудовувати галузі права

4. to propose а partnership 4. придбавати обладнання

5. to hire an employee 5. застосовувати принципи

6. to propose а corporation 6. найняти робітника

7. to purchase equipment 7. розпочинати бізнес

8. to apply principles 8. купувати продукцію

9. to begin transacting business 9. залучати договірне право

10. to purchase products 10. контролювати продаж

11. control sales 11. включати принципи

12. to involve contract law 12. розпочинати ділову угоду

13. to lease premises 13. пропонувати акціонерне товариство

4) Answer the following questions:

1. What is the most basic area of civil law?

2. What may be the form of any transaction?

3. What is the foundation upon which other areas of law are built?

4. What does every transaction involve?

5. What must the organization do when it begins transacting business?

6. What do the principles of contract law control after the raw mаterials are processed into products?

5) Translate the following words and word combinations:

civil law; contract law; basic area of civil law; oral transaction;

written transaction; purchase or sale of goods; venture; agreement between employees and employers; manufacturers; wholesalers; retailers; consumers; raw materials.

6) Give English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

цивільне право; кримінальне право; договірне право; договір (угода); нематеріальне особисте майно; партнер; партнерство; підприємство; організація; акціонерне товариство; робітник; найняти робітника; розпочинати ділову угоду; купувати сировину, обладнання; орендувати приміщення; виробляти продукцію.

7) Complete the following sentences by translating the words and expressions in brackets:

1. Contract law is the most basic area of (цивільного права).

2. Every oral or written transaction involves principles of (договірного права).

3. Two persons propose а partnership, а corporation or any other type of organization when they want to (розпочати бізнес).

4. If employer wants to (найняти робітників), the agreement between them (застосовує принципи договірного права).

5. When the organization begins its transacting business it must (орендувати приміщення, придбавати сировину та обладнання).

6. The manufacturer's sales are controlled by principles of contract law after (сировина перетворюється на продукцію).

Unit 6