- •Lecture 4.
- •Contents:
- •Pronoun is a part of speech which serves to denote substances, qualities, quantities,
- •English and Ukrainian pronouns correlate with:
- •Personal
- ••Personal pronouns in both languages
- •Of peculiar nature is the English pronoun it which can be used:
- •Isormorphism:
- •Allormorphisms:
- •Possessive pronouns
- •Allomorphisms:
- •Reflexive pronouns
- •Allomorphisms:
- •Demonstrative pronouns
- ••English demonstrative pronouns this/that agree in number with the modified noun.
- •Interrogative pronouns
- ••Interrogative pronouns are used to form special questions.
- •Connective pronouns
- ••Connective pronouns coincide in form with interrogative but differ in function.
- ••Conjunctive pronouns introduce subject,
- ••Relative pronouns introduce relative or attributive clauses and, unlike conjunctive pronouns, they are
- •Reciprocal pronouns
- ••English reciprocal pronouns can take possessive case forms, cf. each other’s nerves, one
- •Negative pronouns
- ••English negative pronoun nobody admits possessive case (nobody’s).
- •English indefinite pronouns
- •Genuine indefinite pronouns
- •Generalizing pronouns
- •Allomorphisms:
- •Quantitative pronouns
- •Allomorphism:
- •Contrasting pronouns
- •Allomorphisms:
- •The English indefinite-personal pronoun ONE
- ••ONE always denotes some person; grammatically it
- •Stem structure of E. & U. pronouns
- •Morphological categories of E. & U. pronouns
Allomorphism:
•Some Ukrainian quantitative pro-
adjectives and pro-numerals distinguish case (небагато, кілька).
Contrasting pronouns
Pro-adjectives
(other, another – інший/інша/інше/інші)
Pro-adverb
(otherwise)
Allomorphisms:
•English contrasting pro-adjectives admit possessive case.
•Ukrainian contrasting pro-adjectives distinguish gender, number and case.
The English indefinite-personal pronoun ONE
•ONE is used with the generalizing-personal and with the indefinite-personal meaning.
•Being used in the function of subject of indefinite-personal sentences, ONE performs the function which is in Ukrainian attached to the forms
(1)of the third person plural of verbs (One says… — Кажуть…);
(2)of the second person singular (One never knows… — Ніколи не знаєш…).
•ONE always denotes some person; grammatically it
always has the meaning of singularity, and is used in common and possessive cases (One must always keep one’s word. — Треба завжди дотримуватися свого слова.).
•The pronoun ONE in the function of subject is widely used with the verbs must, should, ought, can, may. In Ukrainian the mentioned combinations are rendered with
the help of unchangeable predicate words (присудкові слова): треба, потрібно, слід, можна (One must take — треба взяти; one should study well — слід добре вчитися; one can find — можна знайти).
Stem structure of E. & U. pronouns
English |
Ukrainian |
simple-stem pronouns |
|
I, he, some, which |
я, ти, хто, ваш, цей, наш |
compound-stem pronouns |
|
myself, someone, nobody |
абихто, абищо, хто- |
|
небудь, будь-хто |
composite-stem pronouns |
|
somebody else, this same |
той самий, хто інший, |
|
ніхто й ніщо |
Morphological categories of E. & U. pronouns
English
(1) Case:
-nominative (somebody);
-genetive (somebody’s);
-objective (me, him, her,
us, them, whom).
Ukrainian
(1) Case (мого, моєму, моїм);
(2) Number (мій — мої, наш — наші);
(3) Gender (мій брат, моя сестра, моє завдання).