- •Alexandrova t.A., Fenova e.A.
- •Verbals. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •The Infinitive
- •The infinitive as a non-finite form of the verb.
- •The morphological characteristics of the infinitive.
- •1.2.1. Aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive do not differ from those of the finite verb.
- •The particle "to" before the infinitive
- •1.3.1. The split infinitive
- •1.4.3. The infinitive is used as an object to verbs expressing:
- •1.4.4. The infinitive used as an attribute immediately follows its head-noun.
- •1.4.5. The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier.
- •1.4.5.1. An adverbial modifier of purpose:
- •1.4.5.2. An adverbial modifier of result or consequence:
- •1.4.5.3. An adverbial modifier of subsequent events:
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with the infinitive
- •1.6.1. The Accusative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
- •Exercises
- •Without the anticipatory it
- •With the anticipatory it
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Infinitive
- •Revision Exercises
- •Participle I
- •2.1. The morphological characteristics.
- •2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.
- •2.3. The functions of participle I.
- •2.3.1. An attribute
- •The Accusative with participle I (complex object)
- •The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
- •The nominative absolute construction with participle I
- •The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
- •3.4. The functions of participle II.
- •3.4.1. An attribute
- •3.4.2. A predicative
- •3.5.6. The prepositional absolute construction.
- •Exercises
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle II.
- •The Gerund
- •The morphological characteristics.
- •The temporal meaning of the gerund.
- •4.8. Some prepositional verbs and phrases used with the gerund.
- •Exercises
- •Gerundial complexes (constructions)
- •The gerund and the infinitive
- •The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
- •Revision exercises on participle and gerund.
- •5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
- •5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
- •5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
- •5.4.2.3. To express advice (a) and preference (b) (subjunctive II in the set phrases had better and would rather):
- •5.4.3. The conditional mood is used in simple sentences
- •5.4.3.1. With implied condition:
- •5.5.1.2.2. It is necessary to point out that when the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian and vice versa.
- •5.5.1.2.3. To express a hardly realizable wish the present tense of subjunctive II of a modal verb may be used in these object clauses.
- •5.5.1.3. Both tenses of subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of comparison. The tenses are used relatively.
- •5.5.1.3.1. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses introduced by as if and as though.
- •5.5.2. Subjunctive II and the conditional mood in complex sentences.
- •5.5.2.1. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition subjunctive II is used in the clause of condition and the conditional mood is used in the principal clause.
- •5.5.2.1.2. Three forms are used in clauses of condition with reference to the future (for details see 5.5.3.4.):
- •5.5.2.2. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of concession the choice of the mood form depends on the conjunction which introduces the subordinate clause.
- •5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
- •5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
- •5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
- •5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
- •The Use of Moods in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
- •The Use of Moods in Complex Sentences Subjunctive II in Complex Sentences
- •Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood in Complex Sentences
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
- •Revision Exercises
- •6.3.6. Incredulity (in negative sentences)
- •Revision exercises on can and may
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Should, ought (to)
- •6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:
- •6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability
- •6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected
- •6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:
- •Exercises.
- •6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
- •6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
- •6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
- •Exercises
- •Revision exercises on modal verbs
- •Literature
- •I. Theoretical sourses
- •II.Fiction and periodicals
- •III. Dictionaries
- •Abbreviations
- •Сontents
- •Александрова т.А., Фенова е.А.
1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
The subject of a sentence may be expressed by a noun (or pronoun) and an infinitive which follows the predicate. Although the noun (or pronoun) and the infinitive do not stand together, they are closely connected and form one complex part of the sentence. They form a complex subject.
The relation between the noun (or pronoun) and the infinitive is that of secondary subject (=doer) and secondary predicate (=action).
Thus in the sentence The girl (she) was seen to leave the house "The girl… to leave the house" is a complex subject to the predicate "was seen". What was seen is the girl in the action of leaving the house (=that the girl left the house).
This construction consisting of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case and an infinitive is called the "Nominative with the Infinitive" (from the classical "Nominativus cum Infinitivo"). The finite verb in the sentence (the predicate verb) is very frequently used in the passive:
Sally was made to open her case by the customs officer.
The "Nominative with the Infinitive" is used with verbs denoting:
1) perception – to hear, see, feel, observe:
The suspect was seen to enter the building at 8.
2) mental activity – to know, expect, believe, suppose, think, consider, find:
Homeopathic remedies are believed to be very effective.
He is supposed to have robbed a bank a long time ago.
3) order, request, permission, compulsion, intention – to order, command, request, ask, allow, permit, forbid, force, make, intend, mean:
Passengers are requested to remain seated until the aircraft comes to a complete stop.
On Sunday mornings I was made to go to church.
4) verbs of saying and reporting – to say, report, pronounce:
The building is reported to have been damaged by fire.
5) verbs of seeming and appearing – to seem, appear, happen, chance, prove, turn out:
Whatever I say, I seem to say the wrong thing.
Do you happen to know the time?
6) the combinations to be sure, be bound, be certain, be likely:
Tom has got a very bad memory. He is sure to forget what you told him.
Thus, the construction "the Nominative with the Infinitive" consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case and an infinitive. The action of the infinitive has a doer of its own expressed by that noun (or pronoun). The syntactical function of the construction is that of a complex subject.
1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
The preposition for can introduce a construction consisting of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and an infinitive. The construction may be called the "Infinitive For-Phrase".
It's time for us to go home.
The relation between the noun (or pronoun) and the infinitive is that of secondary subject (=doer) and secondary predicate (=action).
He bought a new car for his wife to learn to drive. (=in order that his wife might learn to drive)
The infinitive has a doer of its own, expressed by the noun (or pronoun) and introduced by the preposition for:
I brought a chair for you to sit on. (=you'll sit) Cf.
I brought a chair to sit on. (I'll sit)
The noun (or pronoun) and the infinitive are closely connected and form one complex part of the sentence. The construction has various functions in the sentence.
1) The "Infinitive For-Phrase" can be used as a subject, which is introduced by "preparatory (introductory, anticipatory)" it.
The doctor says it may be necessary for me to have an operation.
We've enjoyed the evening, but it's time for us to go.
2) The for-phrase used after a link verb is a predicative:
That is for me to decide, isn't it?
The infinitive for-phrase can also be used as:
an object:
How long have you been waiting for the train to arrive?
She is anxious for her daughter to win the competition.
4) an attribute:
There is an urgent need for someone to tackle this problem.
Here is a chair for you to sit on.
5) an adverbial modifier of:
a) purpose:
He stepped aside for me to pass.
b) result:
Is the water hot enough for me to take a bath?
He must have had some bad news for him to be so quiet.
Thus, the construction the "Infinitive For-Phrase" consists of the preposition for, a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and an infinitive. The action of the infinitive has a doer of its own expressed by that noun (or pronoun). The syntactical functions of the construction are those of a subject, a predicative, an object, an attribute, an adverbial modifier.