- •Alexandrova t.A., Fenova e.A.
- •Verbals. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •The Infinitive
- •The infinitive as a non-finite form of the verb.
- •The morphological characteristics of the infinitive.
- •1.2.1. Aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive do not differ from those of the finite verb.
- •The particle "to" before the infinitive
- •1.3.1. The split infinitive
- •1.4.3. The infinitive is used as an object to verbs expressing:
- •1.4.4. The infinitive used as an attribute immediately follows its head-noun.
- •1.4.5. The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier.
- •1.4.5.1. An adverbial modifier of purpose:
- •1.4.5.2. An adverbial modifier of result or consequence:
- •1.4.5.3. An adverbial modifier of subsequent events:
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with the infinitive
- •1.6.1. The Accusative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
- •Exercises
- •Without the anticipatory it
- •With the anticipatory it
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Infinitive
- •Revision Exercises
- •Participle I
- •2.1. The morphological characteristics.
- •2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.
- •2.3. The functions of participle I.
- •2.3.1. An attribute
- •The Accusative with participle I (complex object)
- •The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
- •The nominative absolute construction with participle I
- •The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
- •3.4. The functions of participle II.
- •3.4.1. An attribute
- •3.4.2. A predicative
- •3.5.6. The prepositional absolute construction.
- •Exercises
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle II.
- •The Gerund
- •The morphological characteristics.
- •The temporal meaning of the gerund.
- •4.8. Some prepositional verbs and phrases used with the gerund.
- •Exercises
- •Gerundial complexes (constructions)
- •The gerund and the infinitive
- •The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
- •Revision exercises on participle and gerund.
- •5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
- •5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
- •5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
- •5.4.2.3. To express advice (a) and preference (b) (subjunctive II in the set phrases had better and would rather):
- •5.4.3. The conditional mood is used in simple sentences
- •5.4.3.1. With implied condition:
- •5.5.1.2.2. It is necessary to point out that when the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian and vice versa.
- •5.5.1.2.3. To express a hardly realizable wish the present tense of subjunctive II of a modal verb may be used in these object clauses.
- •5.5.1.3. Both tenses of subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of comparison. The tenses are used relatively.
- •5.5.1.3.1. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses introduced by as if and as though.
- •5.5.2. Subjunctive II and the conditional mood in complex sentences.
- •5.5.2.1. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition subjunctive II is used in the clause of condition and the conditional mood is used in the principal clause.
- •5.5.2.1.2. Three forms are used in clauses of condition with reference to the future (for details see 5.5.3.4.):
- •5.5.2.2. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of concession the choice of the mood form depends on the conjunction which introduces the subordinate clause.
- •5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
- •5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
- •5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
- •5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
- •The Use of Moods in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
- •The Use of Moods in Complex Sentences Subjunctive II in Complex Sentences
- •Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood in Complex Sentences
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
- •Revision Exercises
- •6.3.6. Incredulity (in negative sentences)
- •Revision exercises on can and may
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Should, ought (to)
- •6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:
- •6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability
- •6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected
- •6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:
- •Exercises.
- •6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
- •6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
- •6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
- •Exercises
- •Revision exercises on modal verbs
- •Literature
- •I. Theoretical sourses
- •II.Fiction and periodicals
- •III. Dictionaries
- •Abbreviations
- •Сontents
- •Александрова т.А., Фенова е.А.
Revision exercises on modal verbs
Exercise 51. Analyse the meaning of modal verbs. Translate the sentences into Russian
1. One possible explanation of these findings is that the highly gifted do not have to spend as much time on their school work as the average student, and thus have more spare time for extracurricular activities. (E.J.) 2. Should all intellectually able students take the same kind of courses? (E.J.) 3. We also need to understand better the interrelationships of various aptitudes and talents in order to help students better plan their programs. (E.J.) 4. After some years of a downturn in business their watches are seen on wrists and lapels everywhere. The Swiss watch industry is (dare I say it) once again ticking over nicely! (E.J.) 5. By excellence, I do not mean elitism, with its connotations of superiority. Nor do I simply mean success, although that may often be a part. (E.J.) 6. I shall always keep that dollar! No matter how much I may need it, or how many necessaries, yes, absolute necessities, of life I may be wanting, I shall always keep that dollar. (S.L.) 7. It went on like that all through. It transpired from the whispers of the Quick Man that the conjurer must have concealed up his sleeve, in addition to the rings, hens, and fish, several packs of cards, a loaf of bread, a doll's cradle, a live guinea-pig, a fifty-cent piece, a rocking-chair. (S.L.)
Exercise 52. Instructions as for 51.
1. "I've just a word with Eugenia," Denholm said. "I thought you ought to know." (A.M.L.) 2. "May I have a drink, sir? I've been awash since dawn in tonic and lemon." (A.M.L.) 3. Brown is further convinced that Jenkins stumbled across something he shouldn't have or saw something he shouldn't have seen, although how he could do anything like that while sitting in the mess writing to his wife is difficult to imagine. (A.M.L.) 4. I always admire women who are such disciplined thinkers that they can go into the stores in high summer to research, try on, and buy clothes for fall. (H.B.) 5. Good intentions notwithstanding, I'm usually among the many who wait until the season arrives to judge what I really need to buy. (H.B.) 6. "What I needed to do in beauty was to come up with a New York formula," says Donna Karan on the training video for her new Donna Karan New York formula skincare. (H.B.) 7. Television and radio announcements must be personalized for the viewer or listener. (CYSR) 8. The application of these skills can be done either in the session or in real life. (CYSR) 9. I wished she would stop working, but of course she felt it her duty in war time, and she still seems to feel she should go on. (A.Chr.)
Exercise 53. Instructions as for 52.
1. It wasn't so much that he'd lost all our money, what he couldn't get over was that all those people who'd trusted him had lost theirs. He felt that he ought to have had more foresight. (S.M.) 2. I should point out that such bantering on my new employer's part has characterized much of our relationship over these months – though I must confess, I remain rather unsure as to how I should respond. (K.I.) 3. She should be on her way home now. She always leaves work at 6. (M.Dean) 4. "Several members of the bar are still to be heard, I believe?" says the Chancellor, with a slight smile. (Ch.D.) 5. I couldn't get him to see that he was not to blame. (S.M.) 6. "How is dear Roger? He doesn't come to see me." "He shall come during August, he's leaving Eton." (D.M.) 7. Indeed, why should I deny it? (K.I.) 8. … Mrs. Wakefiled wasn't as impressed with this house as I believe she ought to have been. (K.I.) 9. I'm sorry, sir, but I have to say that I have every trust in his lordship's good judgement. (K.I.)
Exercise 54. Translate the proverbs into Russian. Make up situations of your own to illustrate their meaning. Try to find Russian equivalents.
1. If we can't as we would, we must do as we can. 2. Stretch your arm no further that your sleeve will reach. 3. None are so blind as those who will not see. 4. You can't eat your cake and have it. 5. No living man all things can. 6. Needs must when he devil drives. 7. If the mountain will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet must go to the mountain. 8. He should have a long spoon who sups with the devil. 9. A cat may look at a king. 10. The cobbler must stick to the last.
Exercise 55. Translate the sentences into English using modal verbs.
1. Я спросила ее, что приготовить к ужину, но она мне не ответила и продолжала сидеть с закрытыми глазами. 2. Возможно, она ушла до вашего прихода, поэтому вы ее там не видели. 3. На горизонте виднелись холмы, покрытые лесом. 4. Неужели они еще не вернулись? Их отпуск заканчивается завтра. 5. Принести тебе сегодняшние газеты? – Да, пожалуйста. Я должна их просмотреть. 6. Не мог он забыть о таком важном заседании. С минуты на минуту он должен появиться здесь. 7. Еще не было поздно, но он отправился спать, т.к. должен был встать на рассвете. 8. "Должно быть, это просто чудесно, когда тебя принимают за кинозвезду," рассмеялся он. 9. Никто не может сказать, какие у него были мотивы, когда он задумал это преступление. 10. Это произошло в тот самый день, когда он должен был покинуть Лондон. 11. У него очень сильная воля; несомненно, он преодолеет все эти трудности. 12. Он не мог, не хотел поверить, что она его предала. 13. Ты мог бы давно познакомить меня со своими родителями. Чего ты боишься? 14. Он тоже должен был принять участие в концерте, но он заболел. 15. Не беспокойтесь, он не помешает вам осуществить свои планы. 16. Не могли бы вы показать мне вот это кольцо? 17. Здесь его не любят: он такой высокомерный, ни с кем не разговаривает. 18. Теперь уже ничего не поделаешь. Вам следовало раньше принять во внимание эти факты. 19. Наверняка, ему пришлось многое испытать в жизни, хотя он и молод. 20. Чего ради буду я чинить этот старый магнитофон? Нам надо купить новый! 21. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы ты надела на вечеринку это красное платье. 22. Она обидчива. Разговаривая с ней, вы должны быть очень вежливы и тактичны.
Exercise 56. Instructions as for 55.
1. Вам кто-то звонил час назад. Он не назвал себя. – Кто же это мог быть? Может быть, он позвонить еще раз. 2. Он чувствовал, что его друзьям и ему нужно присоединиться к забастовке. 3 Хорошо, что меня забыли пригласить. Иначе мне пришлось бы рассказывать об этом путешествии. А я не люблю быть в центре внимания. 4. Я должен признаться, в тот момент я просто не знал, что делать. 5. Должно быть, все это время ты думала о том, почему я не прихожу. 6. В подобных обстоятельствах все мы должны действовать чрезвычайно осторожно. 7. Ты очень много работал весь этот год. Тебе, действительно, надо хорошо отдохнуть. 8. Перед тем, как войти, тебе следовало постучаться. 9. Осмелюсь сказать, сэр, что без вашей помощи, мы не смогли бы добиться того, чтобы он принял это предложение. 10. Ты не выйдешь на улицу, пока не доешь кашу. 11. Мама, садовник спрашивает, какие цветы он должен посадить здесь. 12. Учебный год закончился. Теперь нам не придется рано вставать и идти в школу! 13. А надо ли тебе надевать шляпу и перчатки? Мы идем на королевский прием. 14. Он так и не осмелился пригласить ее на танец. 15. Температура у него никак не спадала, и все решили, что нужно вызвать врача. 16. Зачем ему работать? Он только что получил огромное наследство. 17. А не следует ли тебе быть с ней более откровенным? 18. "За квартиру вы должны платить каждый месяц," сказала нам хозяйка. 19. Возможно, он на самом деле не упомянул об этом в письме. 20. Уже 5 часов. Вы, по-видимому, умираете от голода!