- •Alexandrova t.A., Fenova e.A.
- •Verbals. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •The Infinitive
- •The infinitive as a non-finite form of the verb.
- •The morphological characteristics of the infinitive.
- •1.2.1. Aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive do not differ from those of the finite verb.
- •The particle "to" before the infinitive
- •1.3.1. The split infinitive
- •1.4.3. The infinitive is used as an object to verbs expressing:
- •1.4.4. The infinitive used as an attribute immediately follows its head-noun.
- •1.4.5. The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier.
- •1.4.5.1. An adverbial modifier of purpose:
- •1.4.5.2. An adverbial modifier of result or consequence:
- •1.4.5.3. An adverbial modifier of subsequent events:
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with the infinitive
- •1.6.1. The Accusative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
- •Exercises
- •Without the anticipatory it
- •With the anticipatory it
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Infinitive
- •Revision Exercises
- •Participle I
- •2.1. The morphological characteristics.
- •2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.
- •2.3. The functions of participle I.
- •2.3.1. An attribute
- •The Accusative with participle I (complex object)
- •The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
- •The nominative absolute construction with participle I
- •The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
- •3.4. The functions of participle II.
- •3.4.1. An attribute
- •3.4.2. A predicative
- •3.5.6. The prepositional absolute construction.
- •Exercises
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle II.
- •The Gerund
- •The morphological characteristics.
- •The temporal meaning of the gerund.
- •4.8. Some prepositional verbs and phrases used with the gerund.
- •Exercises
- •Gerundial complexes (constructions)
- •The gerund and the infinitive
- •The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
- •Revision exercises on participle and gerund.
- •5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
- •5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
- •5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
- •5.4.2.3. To express advice (a) and preference (b) (subjunctive II in the set phrases had better and would rather):
- •5.4.3. The conditional mood is used in simple sentences
- •5.4.3.1. With implied condition:
- •5.5.1.2.2. It is necessary to point out that when the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian and vice versa.
- •5.5.1.2.3. To express a hardly realizable wish the present tense of subjunctive II of a modal verb may be used in these object clauses.
- •5.5.1.3. Both tenses of subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of comparison. The tenses are used relatively.
- •5.5.1.3.1. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses introduced by as if and as though.
- •5.5.2. Subjunctive II and the conditional mood in complex sentences.
- •5.5.2.1. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition subjunctive II is used in the clause of condition and the conditional mood is used in the principal clause.
- •5.5.2.1.2. Three forms are used in clauses of condition with reference to the future (for details see 5.5.3.4.):
- •5.5.2.2. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of concession the choice of the mood form depends on the conjunction which introduces the subordinate clause.
- •5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
- •5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
- •5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
- •5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
- •The Use of Moods in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
- •The Use of Moods in Complex Sentences Subjunctive II in Complex Sentences
- •Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood in Complex Sentences
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
- •Revision Exercises
- •6.3.6. Incredulity (in negative sentences)
- •Revision exercises on can and may
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Should, ought (to)
- •6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:
- •6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability
- •6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected
- •6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:
- •Exercises.
- •6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
- •6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
- •6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
- •Exercises
- •Revision exercises on modal verbs
- •Literature
- •I. Theoretical sourses
- •II.Fiction and periodicals
- •III. Dictionaries
- •Abbreviations
- •Сontents
- •Александрова т.А., Фенова е.А.
6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
You needn't tell us anything.
You don't need to tell us anything.
As a regular verb it is also used in affirmative sentences:
You need to pay more attention to your work.
Note. Permission not to do something is expressed by don't have to, don't need to, needn't:
You needn't (don't have to, don't need to) do this exercise in writing. (можете не делать…)
6.11.3. needn't + perfect infinitive show that an unnecessary action was carried out
You needn't have bought these flowers for her, she doesn't like them.
6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
He needs money badly.
Does she need our help?
Exercises
Exercise 46. Analyse the meanings of need. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. There were, in any case, various aspects to the matter I felt needed to clarify to myself before proceeding further. (K.I.) 2. "I needed to know I could stand on my own two feet," says Bach, who stays active off-camera in animal right's causes. (People) 3. But I needed to get off the merry-go-round. I didn't sing a note for two years. (People) 4. "I flew over to London to get some clothes." "You needn't have done that," I smiled. (S.M.) 5. I would also need to see to the matter of costumes. (K.I.) 6. One need hardly dwell on the catastrophic possibility of uttering a bantering remark only to discover it wholly inappropriate. (K.I.) 7. But they'll (houses and clothes) last for centuries, nobody need bother. (S.L.) 8. Various other questions concerning arrangements here in the house during my absence will need to be settled. (K.I.) 9. "I don't doubt what you tell me, and I am sorry to hear it." "You needn't make a merit of that," she said. (Ch.D.) 10. Mrs. Rachael, I needn't inform you, who were acquainted with the late Miss Barbary's affairs, that her means die with her. (Ch.D.) 11. What the destitute subject of such an offer tried to say, I need not repeat. (Ch.D.) 12. You need sleep and Scarlett is here, so you need not worry about anything. (M.Mit.) 13. We needn't have ordered so much food as nobody was hungry. (L.Prodromou) 14. "He's okay," said Phil Cavilleri to his daughter. I didn't need to have "okay" defined; I merely wished to know what of my few actions had earned for me that cherished epithet. (E.S.) 15. I guess my father needs to hear the phrase as much as a fish needs water… (E.S.) 16. … rich baronets do not need to be careful about grammar, as poor governesses must be. (W.Th.)
Exercise 47. Paraphrase the sentences using need.
1. Is it necessary for you to do it now? 2. Why did they hurry? It was absolutely unnecessary for them. 3. I don't think you should argue about it. 4. They are grown up. I see no reason why she should worry about them. 5. It's no use telling him lies. He knows everything. 6. The hat is old-fashioned. Why did you buy it? 7. It's not necessary for us to walk. There is a bus stop over there. 8. I've given them permission not to come today. 9. He said it was not necessary for me to buy the book, because he had a spare copy and would give it to me. 10. Is it necessary for me to phone them at once? 11. We are permitted to give no explanation. 12. Why did you delay the departure? It was unnecessary!
Exercise 48. Translate the sentences into English using need.
1. Нужно ли мне сделать еще одну копию этого документа? 2.Тебе надо покачать ребенка в колыбели, и он скоро заснет. 3. Ей нужно похудеть, прежде чем ее примут в танцевальный кружок. 4. Можешь не гладить эту блузку, я ее не надену. 5. Тебе нужно было ответить на все эти послания? 6. Зачем нам беспокоиться об этом заранее? 7. Он говорит, ему нужно работать, чтобы не потерять чувство собственного достоинства. 8. Не торопись вызывать такси, мне нужно будет упаковать оставшиеся вещи и сделать несколько важных звонков. 9. Вам не нужно повторять все это, я вас понял. 10. Зря мы беспокоились. Он сдержал свое слово. 11. Нужно ли ему рассказывать об этом? Все уже знают. 12. Можете не включать свет, я все хорошо вижу. 13. Ах, если бы я была уверена, что ему нужна моя любовь! 14. Вам будет необходимо подготовить эту комнату к их приезду. 15. Сдачу можешь мне не отдавать. 16. Тебе действительно нужна наша помощь? 17. Мне не пришлось представлять своего друга, т.к. там его все хорошо знали.
Dare
6.12. Dare can be used as a modal and a regular verb. It has the following meaning:
6.12.1. to have the courage or impertinence to do something (in negative and interrogative sentences)
Hr dared not ask this question.
How dare you speak so?
I didn't dare to enter the room.
Note. Dare as a regular verb may be followed by the infinitive without the particle to.
He didn't dare enter the room.
6.12.2. to suggest that somebody has not the courage or ability to do something
I dare you (to say that again). (A.S.Hornby)
Note. I dare say is a set phrase.
Exercises
Exercise 49. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. I … felt I had been absolutely powerless. I thought, "How dare he do all those things?" (N.I.) 2. I've never had a chance of talking to Gray alone, and anyway I dare say he wouldn't talk to me about Isabel, but I know he is devoted to her. (S.M.) 3. Pascale wanted to ask him who it was, but somehow didn't dare. (D.S.) 4. He didn't dare say that to her. (D.S.) 5. How dare you lay a finger on me? (M.F.) 6. Terrifying screams were hared coming from his grave so that no one dared go near the churchyard. (K.B.P.) 7. I was such a shy little thing that I seldom dared to open my lips, and never dared to open my heart, to anybody else. (Ch.D.) 8. This made me, I dare say, more timid and retiring than I naturally was. (Ch.D.) 9. Thoroughly frightened, she lay on the bed, not daring to see what her husband was doing in the other room. (M.P.).
Exercise 50. Translate the sentences using dare.
1. Как он смеет приходить сюда? 2. Осмелюсь сказать, они скоро приедут. 3. Как он осмелился отрицать все это? 4. Она стояла перед дверью, не осмеливаясь войти. 5. Он осмелился ударить вас? 6. Как ты смеешь вести себя так неприлично? 7. Никогда в своей жизни не осмеливалась она противоречить ему. 8. Посмеешь ли ты спросить его об этом? 9. Даже вместе они не решились отправиться на кладбище ночью. 10. Все были уверены, что он не осмелился рассказать отцу о случившемся. 11. Осмелюсь предположить, сэр, он вас просто не заметил. 12. С тех пор никто в этом доме не осмеливается произносить это имя. 13. Знаю я все твои уловки. Не смей его обманывать! 14. Она редко осмеливалась рассказывать кому-либо о своих бедах. 15. Она не решалась оставить ребенка без присмотра. 16. Он чувствовал, что не смеет подойти к ней.