Should, ought (to)

6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:

6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability

You should (ought to) see the doctor about it.

She shouldn't (oughtn't to) leave his letter unanswered.

Note 1. To express moral obligation ought (to) is preferable:

The young ought to respect the old.

Note 2. In these meanings should and ought (to) can be followed by the continuous infinitive:

You should (ought to) be doing your lessons instead of watching TV!

6.8.2. should (ought to) + perfect infinitive show that a desirable action didn't take place

You should (ought to) have kept your promise.

6.8.3. should not (ought not to) + perfect infinitive show that an undesirable action took place

You shouldn't (oughtn't) to have lied.

6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected

She is a very nice person, you should (ought to) make friends easily.

Note. ought to know is a set phrase:

He's been living here all his life, he ought to know all the inhabitants.

6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:

Why should I invite him?

Why should I have invited him?

How should she know where he is?

Exercises.

Exercise 35. Analyse the meanings of should. Translate thesentences into Russian.

1. "Chief Inspector Taverner thinks that Brenda and Laurence did it together because they're in love with each other." "You shouldn't say things like that, Josephine." "Why not? They are in love with each other." (A.Chr.) 2. Miss Curleigh, tell me: why should a wealthy old lady who is almost completely paralysed stealthily purchase six cats within a period of five weeks? (E.Q.) 3. "We should do something to celebrate it," Diana said. (D.S.) 4. Carter said that I should have been an advocate. (J.Ch.) 5. The duck salad should be served while the duck is still warm, so have everything else ready while it is in the oven. (S.Times) 6. Any butler who aspires at all to a "dignity in keeping with his position" … should never allow himself to be "off duty" in the presence of others. (K.I.) 7. Why should one not enjoy in a light-hearted sort of way stories of ladies and gentleman who fall in love and express their feelings for each other, often in the most elegant phrases? (K.I.) 8. But perhaps one should not be looking back for the past so much. (K.I.) 9. "Sir, you should have made known your presence." "Indeed?" (M.Mit.) 10. But why should Nicole get such an idea? (F.S.F.) 11. Henry Maturin can't live for ever, high blood pressure, you know, and by the time Gray's forty he should be worth twenty million dollars. (S.M.) 12. He thought she should think about retiring. (D.S.) 13. "How should I know what I was talking about when I didn't know what I was saying?" he snapped. (S.M.) 14. Why, she asked, pressing her chin on James's head, should they grow so fast? Why should they go to school? (V.W.) 15. But to be consistent the murderer should have chosen his towns in some definite sequence. (A.Chr.) 16. If Mr. Joseph Sedley is rich and unmarried why should I not marry him? (W.Th.) 17. We have found the bottle, empty, with no fingerprints on it. In the normal way there should have been fingerprints. (A.Chr.) 18. "You should have asked me," she said later. (E.S.) 19. A crusty old grumbler who lost his temper if the porridge was cold, why should he preach to us? (V.W.) 20. She should try not to feel overwhelmed by the need to answer the question, "Should I stay or should I leave?" (N.I.)

Exercise 36. Analyse the meanings of ought (to). Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. What he had not foreseen was the kind of night this had turned out to be – though he ought to have foreseen it… (A.H.) 2. But he ought to have had baggage, as a cover. (A.H.) 3. Nor ought it to be forgotten that, tornado the close of the period, there was a revival of the study of Greek, Latin, and Italian authors, which had a most refining effect on the literature of the time. (F.A.L.) 4. Old Miss de Haviland – I think she ought to have gone away when he got married. (A.Chr.) 5. He wants to work, he feels he ought to, and it humiliates him not to be wanted. (S.M.) 6. "I don't think," she said with dignity, "that you ought to ask me things like that." (A.Chr.) 7. There are too many years between us. You ought to have waited, and then married a boy of your own age. (D.M.) 8. She had all the courage and the spirit of a boy. She ought to have been a boy, I often told her that. (D.M.) 9. "We ought never to have stayed in Italy," he said. "We ought never to have come back to Manderlay. Oh, god, what a fool I was to come back." (D.M.) 10. You ought to be ashamed to always encourage her in her tomboyish way, Julius. (M.F.) 11. With my knowledge of languages I ought to be of some service in the Censorship Department. (E.Z.) 12. It was all wrong, this situation. It ought not to be happening at all. (D.M.) 13. Sophia looked at me. "Oughtn't you to go with the Inspector?" (A.Chr.) 14. They've gone to the Tuileries Gardens, but they ought to be in soon. (S.M.) 14. So the months went by. Yvette really ought to have had a good time. She was always out to parties and dances… (D.H.L.) 15. … and in the morning I'll call on old Mrs. Higgins and ask her what I ought to do. (B.Sh.) 16. We've been friends for some time. So I really ought to be truthful with you. (K.I.) 17. "I really ought to be retiring," I said. "I feel quite exhausted." (K.I.) 18. You ought to have a hot bath and go to bed. (J.Ch.)

Exercise 37. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the infinitive.

1. I think you oughtn't (to go) into the police. You can find a more decent job. 2. The party is to take place tonight. What should I (to wear)? 3. Then he did what he ought (to do) long ago. 4. Such things oughtn't (to say) behind his back. You must openly discuss with him everything. 5. He has broken the window again! He should (to punish). 6. You ought (to be) with us last Christmas. It was such fun! 7. "You should (to tell) me all this before!" she exclaimed. 8. "She fell down and hurt her leg yesterday." "She ought (to be) more careful." 9. Yes, I think what you are saying ought (to be) true. 10. "Though he's got a high temperature he's gone somewhere." "You shouldn't (to let) him go!" 11. Stop it! You shouldn't (to quarrel) in our presence! 12. I am sick and tired of the place. Why should I (to stay) here till Sunday? 13. He's too old to think about marrying this girl. He should (to leave off) his follies at once. 14. They trust you. You shouldn't (to go back) on your promise. 15. What should I (to say) if they ask me about it? 16. You ought (to be) more attentive when you are typing. 17. You ought (to be) more attentive when you were typing this document. 18. When you are in Paris you should (to use) every opportunity to see its wonders. 19. "I liked the picture." "Then you should (to buy) it." "I didn't have enough money." 20. I don't really know if I ought (to tell) him the truth. 21. The guests will be arriving soon. You oughtn't (to sit and to do) nothing! 22. I think we should (to make up) a plan before we start working.

Exercise 38. Translate the sentences into English using should, ought (to) or both.

1. С какой стати буду я тебе лгать? 2. Тебе следовало бы промолчать, а не пытаться ответить на этот глупый вопрос. 3. По всем приметам погода завтра должна быть просто чудесной! 4. Ради ее капризов тебе не следует приносить в жертву собственные интересы. 5. Он всегда был прав. Он должен быть прав и на этот раз. 6. Какие же вы злые дети! Вы не должны смеяться над ее заиканием. 7. Ты ведь неплохо рисуешь. Тебе нужно попытаться изобразить этот великолепный пейзаж. 8. Он всю жизнь проработал врачом. Уж он-то должен знать, какое лекарство тебе может помочь. Думаю, ты должен прислушаться к его советам. 9. Должно быть, он очень изобретательный человек, раз нашел такое оригинальное решение. 10. Не следует тебе класть эти деньги в банк, лучше купи на них что-нибудь. 11. Ей не следовало делать такие колкие замечания. Никто бы и не обиделся. 12. Чего ради было нам конкурировать в ними? 13. Не нужно тебе надевать эту шляпу с вуалью. Это выглядит старомодно. 14. С ее тонкими чертами лица она должна была бы быть красавицей, но, как ни странно, она ею не была. 15. Тебе нужно было петь под аккомпанемент рояля, тогда твое пение произвело бы большее впечатление. 16. Ей нужно было думать о последствиях раньше. 17. Ты не должен был жениться на этой женщине. Ей нужны только твои деньги. 18. Ради своей семьи ты должен согласиться на это предложение. 19. Тебе надо было предупредить меня, что к обеду ты не придешь. 20. Вам следует приходить сюда почаще.

Exercise 39. Say whether should is auxiliary or modal.

1. I thought it odd that they should both have the same opinion. I should have imagined that inference was the one thing Mrs. Danvers did not want. (D.M.) 2. "I should study the pictures in the gallery, Madam, if I were you … ." (D.M.) 3. I crouched against the wall of the gallery so that I should not be seen. (D.M.) 4. "I should go to bed if I were you." (D.M.) 5. If she had come any closer to me I should have fainted. (D.M.) 6. Incidentally, if you should get anything on Roschmann, we should be delighted to have it. (F.F.) 7. "Duncan, stop that," she chided gently. "You should know by now when I am teasing." (J.L.) 8. I should not have known what to do through this bad time but for you. (A.Chr.) 9. Should a student with outstanding linguistic ability be required to study science or mathematics beyond some basic minimum? (E.J.) 10. Should we expect high ability students to achieve at an equally outstanding level in al subject areas? (E.J.) 11. The Speaker ruled that the MP should withdraw his remark. (S.T.) 12. How should I have seen them if they hadn't been there? (A.Chr.) 13. "That's just what I didn't want," Mr. Jensen said grimly. "You should have stopped them." (A.Hit.) 14. Had it come from anyone else, I should have turned the question aside with a sneer. (S.L.) 15. Maybe you think you should entrust your money to an expert. If you do, you may be disappointed. (S.T.) 16. "What a funny watch!" she remarked. "It tells the day of the month, and doesn't tell what o'clock it is!" "Why should it," muttered the Hatter. (L.C.) 17. "And who are these?" said the Queen pointing to the three gardeners… . "How should I know," said Alice, surprised at her own courage. "It's no business of mine." (L.C.)

Shall

6.9. The modal verb shall has the following meanings:

6.9.1. promise, warning, threat

You shall have your money back tomorrow.

You shall be wet through if you go out now.

He shall be punished for what he did.

6.9.2. asking for instructions

Shall I close the window?

Shall he stay here?

6.9.3. compulsion, order

"She shall go off tomorrow, the little artful creature," said Mrs. Sedley. (W.Th.)

6.9.4. obligation (mainly in official documents)

It has been decided that the proposal shall not be opposed.

Exercises.

Exercise 40. Analyse the functions of shall. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. You shan't want sir. The British merchant's son shan't want, sir. My guineas are as good as theirs, George, my boy. (W.Th.) 2. "My dear, I don't know it," I said. "You do," she said, very shortly. "You shan't say you don't. You do!" (Ch.D.) 3. "Mr. Jarndyce," he pursued "… offers to place her at a first-rate establishment, where her education shall be completed, where her comfort shall be secured, where her reasonable wants shall be anticipated. (Ch.D.) 4. It's very interesting. Shall I point it out to the Inspector? (A.Chr.) 5. Have some chocolates, Eliza. You shall have boxes of them, barrels of them every day. (B.Sh.) 6. Eliza, if you say again that you're a good girl, your father shall take you home. (B.Sh.) 7. If there is ever anything at all that I can do for you, all you have to do is ask me, and it shall be done without question. (S.Sh.) 8. "Call from the radio room. Shall I take it?" Talbot nodded. (A.M.L.) 9. Don Corleone put his hand on the man's shoulder. "Good," he said, you shall have your justice." (M.P.) 10. I was jotting down what occurred to me as the main points of interest in this affair. Shall I read them to you? (A.Chr.) 11. Sit still for a minute or two and you shall tell us what you want when you are a little rested. (S.M.) 12. … he is made to call up the Evil One, who promises him all kinds of delight, on condition that his soul shall be forfeited to Satan at the end of four-and-twenty years. (F.A.L.) 13. He opened the letter, and a five-pound note fluttered out. "What shall I do with it?" (A.Chr.) 14. "Perhaps you'll give me a dance?" "You shall have as many dances as you like," I said. (D.M.) 15. "I've sold the presentation of the living, Hodson; none of that breed shall get it." And Mr. Hodson said he was quite right. (W.Th.) 16. … I'm doubtful about the temper of you flamingo. Shall I try the experiment? (L.C.)

Will (Would)

6.10. The modal verb will (would) has the following meanings:

6.10.1. volition, intention, determination (in affirmative and negative sentences)

I will readily help you.

"No, please go on!" Alice said very humbly: "I won't interrupt you again." (L.C.)

I said I would readily help you.

She said she wouldn't interrupt me ay more.

Note. This meaning can be combined with the expression of habitual or recurrent actions:

She would often come and discuss her affairs with us.

6.10.2. refusal to perform an action

She won't tell us what has happened.

She wouldn't tell us what had happened.

When will is used with lifeless things it shows that they fail to perform their functions:

My pen won't write, give me yours for a moment.

It started raining, but his umbrella wouldn't open.

6.10.3. persistence

I've been asking her not to bang the door, but she will!

I told them not to make a noise, but they would.

6.10.4. will, would are used in polite requests

Will you wait a moment?

Won't you sir down?

Would you tell us what it means?

6.10.5. supposition bordering on assurance

This will be the house we are looking for.

There is no light in the window. She will have gone to bed.

I don't see any footprints. The snow would have covered them.

6.10.6. would can be used to express that something was to be expected

"I can't understand you." "No, you wouldn't."

6.10.7. will and would can be used in adverbial clauses of condition to express volition

If you will stay I'll tell you everything.

I told him that if he would wait I'd tell him everything.

6.10.8. would can be used in object clauses after wish

I wish you would fall in with the plan.

Exercises

Exercise 41. Analyse the meanings of will, would. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. "Well," said the wife, "if you won't be king, I will." (V.W.) 2. His jaws wouldn't come together but he managed to mumble. "I slipped and fell," he said. 3. The man stood here in the shadow. Your brother would have noticed nothing till the blow fell. (A.Chr.) 4. He said that it would be a satisfaction to him, if Doctor Parker Peps would walk up-stairs again. (Ch.D.) 5. Then Faustus would pray, but cannot; and, in an agony of remorse and terror, he begs piteously for another day, another hour, in order to have more time for repentance… (F.A.L.) 6. The car wouldn't start, and could she drive him to the station in the Buick? (J.Ch.) 7. "Why doesn't he come? Oh, if Pa would only come home!" (M.Mit.) 8. On the particular afternoon to which I am referring, his lordship would still have been in his mid-fifties. (K.I.) 9. Mr. Stevens, will you kindly look at the Chinaman behind you? (K.I.) 10. Miss Kenton, you are being quite ridiculous. Now if you will be so good as to let me pass. (K.I.) 11. I will remember to address your father by his full title in future. Now, if you would please excuse me. (K.I.) 12. They are kind people and though I have on more than one occasion offered remuneration for their hospitability, they will not hear of it. (K.I.) 13. Henry Maturin at first would not believe that the break was serious. (S.M.) 14. I say it's – it's too magnificent for words. I wouldn't miss this for anything! (E.Q.)

Exercise 42. Instructions as for 41.

1. "I believe you are making a big mistake," she said. I would not listen to her, I thought her hard and cruel. (D.M.) 2. My only enemy was the clock on the dash-board, whose hands would move relentlessly to one o'clock. (D.M.) 3. I called him Frank because Maxim did, but he would always call me Mrs. de Winter. (D.M.) 4. "I've no patience with people who won't learn." (D.M.) 5. The English have no respect for their language, and will not teach their children to speak it. (B.Sh.) 6. We tried to get Taylor to watch his step but he wouldn't. (F.F.) 7. Mr. Mayfair supports them but will not let them leave. (A.Hit.) 8. His efforts to extricate himself failed. The banks would not lend him money. (S.M.) 9. … they knew too much about him and wouldn't play with him. (S.M.) 10. He was in a state of perturbation because the grey pearl he usually wore in his necktie would not make any sort of effect against the pale grey tie he had chosen… (S.M.) 11. At one place the farmer said he'd take Kosti but couldn't do with me and Kostu said we were buddies and wouldn't separate. (S.M.) 12. I wonder if you would perhaps permit me to ask you something of a rather personal order. (K.I.) 13. It occurs to me in recalling these words that, of course, many of Lord Darlington's ideas will seem today rather odd. (K.I.) 14. I thanked him for his thoughtfulness, but when I made inquiries as to payment, he, too, would hear none of it. (K.I.) 15. I turned to him and said: "If you will perhaps follow me, sir." (K.I.) 16. … Dudley had given his wife "a bottle of liquor which he willed her to use in any faintness, and which she, not knowing it was poison, gave him, and so he died." (K.B.P.)

Exercise 43. Say whether will, would are modal or auxiliary.

1. If she could have killed him, she would have done it. (M.Mit.) 2. I will do my best to secure a replacement at the earliest opportunity, Miss Kenton. Now if you will excuse me, I must return upstairs. (K.I.) 3. "In fact, Mr. Stevens," she called, "I would ask you from now on not to speak to me directly at all." (K.I.) 4. I certainly wish you would play ball now and then, Oliver. (E.S.) 5. I told him all about it. You'll have heard about it from them, I expect… (A.Chr.) 6. One of Davies' first jobs was to persuade Foot to join him. Davies would not be drawn on the issue. (S.T.) 7. If you loved me you wouldn't be afraid to tell me the truth. (M.F.) 8. … the construction of the river by embankments will have changed the depositional-erosional balance and may have led to a rise in the height of tide levels. (E.Z.) 9. "Is Gray in bed?" "No, he won't ever go to bed when he has his headaches." (S.M.) 10. And again he would have passed her without a word had she not … called to him and taken the green shawl off the picture frame, and gone to him. (V.W.) 11. If you will wait a few more minutes, the doctor will see you without your making an appointment. (B.D.Graver) 12. "It would have occurred to most men," said Mrs. Chick, "that poor dear Fanny being no more, it becomes necessary to provide a nurse." (Ch.D.) 13. I saw in her face, looking gloomily at me, "It would have been better, little Esther, if you had had no birthday; that you had never been born." (Ch.D.) 14. … their plots were invariably absurd – indeed sentimental – and I would not have wasted one moment on them were it not for these afore-mentioned benefits. (K.I.) 15. Not for anything would they have called at Lady Louth's house. (D.H.L.) 16. "If you will indulge me by listening, I would be most grateful." (K.I.) 17. He will forget to lock the door when he goes out. (M.Dean) 18. It would be much appreciated if you would give me the name and address of the publication which monitors these transactions. (S.T.)

Exercise 44. Insert shall, should, will, would.

1. "Turn this man out!" "I … not be turned out! I … speak!" 2. Don't be afraid. You … not be punished! 3. … I shut the door, ma'am? 4. That was all he could see, for the sedan doors … not open. 5. … you have a cup of tea with me? 6. You … be learning your lessons, not talking over the phone. 7. She was beginning to feel uncomfortable, but she … not admit that. 8. Why … I go? I was not invited. 9. They have gone to the river; they … not take me. 10. You … not run away before you answer! I've locked the door! 11. He said he had done something which he … not have done. 12. Nothing … divide me from you! 13. "It's obvious she loves you." "But she … (negative) marry me!" 14. You … have no cause to complain of me. 15. He … help me, but he never does. 16. You may come to our place, if you … . 17. In your place I … try to find a job. 18. Don't worry, he … not interfere. 19. The news has been broadcast several times today. They … have heard it. 20. … you say it again, please?

Exercise 45. Translate the sentences into English using shall, should, will, would.

1. Не беспокойтесь, он вернет вашу машину в целости и сохранности. 2. Ему следует сначала закончить аспирантуру, а потом думать о женитьбе. 3. Мои родители не дают мне денег, чтобы купить компьютер. 4. Я не буду ходить вокруг да около, я расскажу всю правду! 5. Должно быть, это и есть туристский лагерь. Посмотри по карте. 6. Нам подождать ваших дальнейших указаний? 7. Он часто сидел один в своем кабинете и о чем-то думал. 8. Подожди немного. Скоро ты будешь есть конфеты каждый день. 9. Я бы пошла сегодня в театр. Ах, если бы меня пригласили! 10. Они долго стучали в дверь, но она так и открыла ее. 11. Закройте, пожалуйста, дверь. 12. Мы приглашали их остаться на обед, но они и слышать об этом не хотели. 13. Если вы останетесь здесь еще на пару дней, я покажу вам все наши достопримечательности. 14. Они не хотят обучать меня рисованию, хотя я много раз просила их об этом. 15. Вы, должно быть, уже прочитали об этом в газетах. 16. Как бы мне хотелось, чтобы ты быстрее начал готовиться к вступительным экзаменам. 17. Присмотрите, пожалуйста, за моей собакой сегодня. 18. Вам следовало вмешаться в их спор в самом начале. Тогда они бы не поссорились. 19. Сколько раз я тебе говорила, не сиди допоздна, но ты продолжаешь это делать! 20. Если вы окажете ей психологическую помощь, она быстро избавиться от своих страхов. 21. Не следует тебе появляться в их обществе.

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