Exercises

Exercise 24. Analyse the meanings of the verbs have (to). Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. "… but I shall have to ask them what the name of the country is, you know. Please, ma'am, is this New Zealand or Australia?" (L.C.) 2. "Bill's got to go down – Here, Bill! The master says you've got to go down the chimney!" (L.C.) 3. If you have to take up a hobby, play golf! (N.I.) 4. "She's got to be a featherweight, you see, because you have to pick her up at the end of the play, after three hours on stage." (N.I.) 5. Louise takes up the story: "Trevor either had to save me and risk the baby or lose us both." (N.I.) 6. Sigrid has also had to cope with the industry's ugliest emotion: jealousy. (N.I.) 7. There still has yet to be a proper examination of British foreign and defense policy since September 11. (D.T.) 8. As he prepared to give away Alexandra, 27, the eldest of his daughters, to Swiss German bicycle racer Görg Muller, 32, Anka says, "I was so choked up, I had to sit down and reflect." (People) 9. In 1982 he (James Irwin) reached the 16,942-foot summit but fell and had to be carried down on horseback. (People) 10. For it has to be admitted, over these last two months, things have not been all they might at Darlington Hall. (K.I.) 11. I would of course have to write to Miss Kenton to tell her I might be passing by. (K.I.) 12. If only we did not have to tell him. If only we could keep the whole thing from him. (D.M.) 13. Aunt Sarah didn't have anything; she had to live with aunt Euphemia and take care of her. (E.Q.) 14. In order to make those repeated poisoning attempts, the poisoner had to be near Euphemia or near her food. (E.Q.) 15. When a trainee got into difficulties, he had to be given the chance to show resourcefulness and sort out the situation unaided. (A.H.) 16. I had to admit that he had me more than half convinced. (C.W.)

Exercise 25. Instructions as for 24.

1. … the house has not only driven out all its occupants, but has finally had to be demolished. (K.B.P.) 2. So with great reluctance the colonel had to abandon his life's dream. (K.B.P.) 3. I told the man I would have to be on my way and thanked him emphatically for his assistance. (K.I.) 4. His lordship soon found himself having to listen to some more of Mr. Lewis's jovial anecdotes. (K.I.) 5. "I think you have to be ambitious to succeed in this business." (N.I.) 6. He has to tell her to take Palamon as her husband; and he speaks his old friend praises with the kindness of a true knight. (F.A.L.) 7. "Don't his books pay?" "Of course, not. He doesn't have to make his books pay. Aristide made them all financially independent." (A.Chr.) 8. How I wish I didn't have to get up and go to work this morning! (B.D.Graver) 9. I have to admit Mr. Graham has a point here. (K.I.) 10. Alice thought she had never seen such a curious croquet-ground in her life: it was all ridges and furrows; … the soldiers had to double themselves up and stand on their hands and feet, to make the arches. (L.C.) 11. The executioner's argument was, that you couldn't cut off a head unless there was a body to cut it from; that he had never had to do such a thing before, and he wasn't going to begin at his time of life. (L.C.) 12. It was the definitive answer to her hesitations. She would have to admit that he had made good. (S.M.) 13. … though her mother was so far from well that she had to stay in bed one day a week, she was in no immediate danger. (S.M.) 14. "Such a pity you have to retire already, sir," Mrs. Smith said. (K.I.) 15. One would have thought that having the abandon the Ford on some lonely hill, having to walk down to this village in near-darkness … would be sufficient inconvenience to befall one for a single evening. (K.I.)

Exercise 26. Turn the sentences into negative and interrogative.

1. I have to get up early. 2. He has to admit it is true. 3. She has to abandon her dreams. 4. One has to be very cautious in such a situation. 5. They will have to part with their friends soon. 6. The child will have to be taken care of by someone. 7. You will have to teach her English. 8. She will have to give up smoking. 9. They had to leave at 5 p.m. 10. She hurt her leg and had to be carried home. 11. They had to work from early morning till night. 12. She had to ask him this question. 13. He had to apologize to me. 14. She was very tired and had to go to bed early. 15. They had to pull down the house after the fire.

Exercise 27. Insert must, have (to) in the appropriate form or both.

1. I … turn round to see who was following me. 2. It was so dark that he … feel his way. 3. We … have a party to celebrate your returning home! 4. He … work hard this year to save the necessary sum. 5. Don't worry, he … be staying with his friends as usual. 6. … you really stay home tonight? The party will be very interesting! 7. You … (negative) quarrel, children! 8. There was only an old lady before us, so we … (negative) wait long. 9. They were wet through and … change their clothes as soon as they got home. 10. I was sure that we … phone her and find out everything. 11. We … (negative) disturb him now, he is very busy. 12. They said they knew the way well, so we … (negative) meet them at the station. 13. He saw me and I … come up to him. 14. If you feel giddy you … lie down on this sofa. 15. If the temperature doesn't go down we … send for a doctor. 16. Surely, it … have been your mistake, not mine! 17. It was a dangerous thing and it … be destroyed. 18. I am afraid you … go there alone, I'll be very busy on Sunday. 19. Every one … do his duty. 20. You … be imagining all this. Calm down!

Exercise 28. Analyse the functions of the verb to have. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. He has reconsidered his position. 2. He has to reconsider his position. 3. He didn't have to reconsider his position. 4. Has he reconsidered his position? 5. We'll have him reconsider his position. 6. He had better reconsider his position. 7. Do you have something else to say? 8. Do you have to say something else? 9. You shall have your car repaired soon. 10. His car was damaged in the accident and he had to have it repaired. 11. Have you got many friends here? 12. We haven't got a telegram from them yet. 13. I haven't got spare time! 14. You've got to do it at once! 15. I won't have you waste our money on trifles. 16. He used to have a car, but he had to sell it last month.

Exercise 29. Translate the sentences into English using to have (to), must or both.

1. Он, должно быть, просто отшутился от этого вопроса. 2. Тебе придется немного подождать. Я уверена, все уладится. 3. Вы должны подогнать костюм по моей фигуре, иначе я его не куплю. 4. Должно быть, он подходит на эту должность, не правда ли? 5. Ты должен подрезать волосы. С такими космами в твоем возрасте ходить просто неприлично. 6. Чтобы портрет ей понравился, ему пришлось подрисовать ресницы подлиннее. 7. Он сказал, что я должен подробно рассказать ему о случившемся. 8. Вам нет необходимости обращаться к нему с этой просьбой. Я вам помогу. 9. Прежде всего, мы должны купить путеводитель по Лондону. 10. Ты должен принять участие в этом соревновании. 11. Прежде чем наклеивать обои тебе придется соскоблить старую краску со стен. 12. Рано или поздно ты должен будешь поставить точку над "и". 13. Не трогайте мои вещи без разрешения. 14. Удрученный печальным известием, он, очевидно, забыл о своем обещании. 15. Она вынуждена продавать фамильные драгоценности, потому что до сих пор не смогла найти работу. 16. Она сказала, что я должен внимательнее относиться к своим обязанностям. 17. После кораблекрушения матросам пришлось несколько дней провести в открытом океане, пока их не подобрало проходящее мимо судно. 18. Должно быть, у нее закружилась голова, поэтому ей пришлось присесть в кресло. 19. Ты должен выбросить эту старую шляпу. Ты выглядишь в ней пугалом! 20. Должно быть, он так прекрасно образован благодаря тому, что много читал. 21. Ему пришлось дежурить два дня подряд из-за болезни товарища. 22. Ему придется внять этой просьбе. 23. Вам пришлось восстановить его в должности? 24. Нам нет необходимости переправляться через реку вплавь. Недалеко отсюда есть мост. 25. Можешь не отвечать на мои письма подробно. Сообщай только о самом важном. 26. Ты не должен сердиться из-за пустяков.

To be (to)

6.7. The modal verb to be (to) has the following meanings:

6.7.1. necessity, obligation due to a previous plan or arrangement

We are to meet at 6.

When is he to arrive?

Note. The perfect infinitive after to be (to) denotes an unfulfilled plan:

We were to have played golf yesterday, but it started raining heavily.

6.7.2. orders or instructions

You are to tell us everything in detail!

You are to take this medicine three times a day.

6.7.3. prohibition

You are not to go out today!

6.7.4. something unavoidable, destined to happen

They were never to meet again.

6.7.5. possibility due to circumstances (only with the passive infinitive)

They were often to be seen together.

Nothing was to be done in that situation.

6.7.6. in questions to be (to) may be used in a weakened lexical meaning

What is to become of her?

Note. To be to blame is a set phrase.

I am not to blame for his absence!

Exercises

Exercise 30. Analyse the meanings of the verb to be (to). Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Tonight, at 6 p.m., inmate Rivera – 999102 – is to be executed by lethal injection. (D.T.) 2. Some two months ago, I was most happy to learn that Sir James was to visit Darlington Hall. (K.I.) 3. … as far as long-distance motoring is concerned, I am something of a novice, and such simple oversights are only to be expected. (K.I.) 4. A taxi would be costly, but if she was to get to the airport by 11.00 p.m., it was probably the only means. (A.H.) 5. … who had carried out the atrocities. The answer was "the SS" – but the SS were nowhere to be found. (F.F.) 6. The Trans America commissary had a standing order: if a newspaper front page featured an air disaster, the newspapers were not to go abroad, but were thrown away. (A.H.) 7. Frank went to answer the telephone. He came back at once. "It's your daughter, they want to know if they are to keep dinner back." (D.M.) 8. The Boeing 707-N-731-TA which was to have flown to the West Coast and back before its flight to Rome, was taken out of service. (A.H.) 9. … he taxied the aeroplane directly to gate forty-seven of the terminal, where it was to load. (A.H.) 10. "How would you like to help me…?" "I'd love to. What am I to do?" (E.Q.) 11. The age we are now to consider far surpasses any previous period in the number and greatness of its authors. (F.A.L.) 12. … the monks and friars taught the boys Latin from the very few books which were then to be had. (F.A.L.) 13. … the Queen gives each an adventure, with the promise that he who shall perform the bravest deed is to be the husband of the beautiful lady. (F.A.L.) 14. You are not to come in here; this room is private. (C.E.Eckersley) 15. "Did he seem quite as usual?" with a slight hint of irony, Philip replied: "He showed no foreknowledge that he was to be murdered that day." (A.Chr.) 16. But she had now receded from the scene, having given me no indication of how to proceed. Was I to approach Philip Leonides as a young man anxious to marry his daughter…? (A.Chr.) 17. The rest of her cal was about arrangements. Bob and Pete were to catch the 6 p.m. jet flight… (A.Hit.) 18. My godmother had left Mrs. Rachael all the little property she possessed; and there was to be a sale. (Ch.D.) 19. For the streets were so full of dense brown smoke that scarcely anything was to be seen. (Ch.D.) 20. We were to pass the night, Mr. Kenge told us when we arrived in his room, at Mrs. Jellyby's. (Ch.D.)

Exercise 31. Instructions as for 30.

1. Worse was to come with the news that the gentleman had brought no valet, his usual man having fallen ill. (K.I.) 2. Perhaps the most pathetic relics of the whole tragic story are to be found in Cumnor Church vestry. (K.B.P.) 3. She was to appear before the commission on a Friday… (J.Ch.) 4. If Britain is to have any global high-tech presence in the next century she could learn from both (countries), for nothing as practical or inspiring is on the horizon. (S.T.) 5. Anyway he told us there were two beds in the hayloft and that was where we were to sleep. (S.M.) 6. "Are we to stay here all night in this draught, with next to nothing on?" (B.Sh.) 7. Randy Brooks sat beside her chair, a pad of paper and a pencil on his lap, working on the guest list of the party that was to be held in his honour. (N.I.) 8. Even after his arrival, it was to be observed that his lordship was conducting small private discussions with the most important delegates. (K.I.) 9. … his lordship entrusted me with a mission sufficiently unusual for it to have remained in my memory to this day, alongside those other more obviously unforgettable occurrences that were to take place during that remarkable week. (K.I.) 10. Would her load never be light? Was coming to Tara to mean … only more loads to carry? (M.Mit.) 11. Duncan had kissed her, thrilled her to her depths, then swore it would never happen again. What was she to make of that? (J.L.) 12. "I had already told Kosti what job I was to have in the mine and he said nothing." (S.M.) 13. A woman needs to know that she is not to blame for the abuse, that it is her partner's problem, not hers. (N.I.) 14. … he commands that the two (the knights) shall meet and fight together at a tournament, to be held a year thereafter, and the one who shall gain is to win Emily as his prize. (F.A.L.) 15. Sinn Fein / IRA were yesterday discomfited by the announcement that the British and Irish governments are to set up an International Monitoring Commission. (D.T.) .

Exercise 32. Make up situations or sentences of your own with the following phrases to show the difference between them

1. was to make a report; was to have made a report. 2. was to help; was to have helped. 3. the plane was to take off; was to have taken off. 4. were to meet; were to have met. 5. was to arrive; was to have arrived.

Exercise 33. Translate the sentences into English using to be (to) in different meaning.

1. Он должен был позвонить ей в тот же вечер, но не смог найти номер телефона, и ей пришлось позвонить самой. 2. Ты знаешь, когда открывается эта выставка? 3. Уже в мае эти цветы можно видеть на полях и лугах. 4. Как же нам сообщить им об этом? 5. Хозяйка сказала, мы оба будем жить в этой комнате. 6. Самолет должен был вылететь два часа назад, но из-за плохой погоды рейс отложили. 7. Ей не суждено было стать известной актрисой. 8. Этим летом они проведут отпуск вместе на юге Франции. 9. В 7 часов я должен быть на обеде у Гринов. 10. Какие же достопримечательности вам предстоит там увидеть? 11. Вступительные экзамены в университет должны были начаться в середине июля. 12. Никто не должен выходить из комнаты, пока не прибудет полиция! 13. Врач говорит, что я должен соблюдать постельный режим еще несколько дней. 14 . Когда твой отец уйдет на пенсию? 15. В телеграмме говорилось, что похороны состоятся через два дня. 16. В этом домике на берегу моря ему суждено было провести последние годы жизни. 17. Ее нельзя уволить только потому, что вам не нравится ее национальность! 18. Ее нельзя винить за эту ошибку.

Exercise 34. Insert must, have (to), to be (to).

1. And now we … begin from the very beginning. 2. I … see her in an hour, if she doesn't forget the appointment. 3. He … (negative) get up early, he doesn't live far from his work. 4. You love each other, you … get married! 5. I was glad to hear that he also … be present at the meeting. 6. Alas, it … happen sooner or later! Not once had we warned you about that. 7. She has fallen ill, you'll … go there alone. 8. But she … have played the part of Ophelia! Why did he give the part to another actress? 9. She … have really played the part very well. Most of the critics in today's papers praise her highly. 10. It was very hot and we … drink a lot of lemonade to cool ourselves. 11. Bob, it's 7 o'clock! You … get up at once, or you'll be late for classes! 12. She … have been about forty at that time, but she looked no more than twenty seven. 13. The place is wonderful! You … visit it when you are on holiday. 14. To become a cosmonaut you … be very healthy. 15. "And what are your plans for today?" "First we … dine together, then we … go to the Opera." 16. The house was dark, everybody … have gone to bed. 17. It's the second time you have let me down. You … (negative) be trusted! 18. She can walk about the room, she … be getting better. 19. He had very little money left; soon he would … make a trip to the pawnbroker. 20. When people … live together they … tolerate each other's habits. 21. The time for his departure was fixed. It … take place the next morning. 22. Aunt Polly wanted to punish Tom, but he … be found anywhere.