- •Alexandrova t.A., Fenova e.A.
- •Verbals. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •The Infinitive
- •The infinitive as a non-finite form of the verb.
- •The morphological characteristics of the infinitive.
- •1.2.1. Aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive do not differ from those of the finite verb.
- •The particle "to" before the infinitive
- •1.3.1. The split infinitive
- •1.4.3. The infinitive is used as an object to verbs expressing:
- •1.4.4. The infinitive used as an attribute immediately follows its head-noun.
- •1.4.5. The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier.
- •1.4.5.1. An adverbial modifier of purpose:
- •1.4.5.2. An adverbial modifier of result or consequence:
- •1.4.5.3. An adverbial modifier of subsequent events:
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with the infinitive
- •1.6.1. The Accusative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
- •Exercises
- •Without the anticipatory it
- •With the anticipatory it
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Infinitive
- •Revision Exercises
- •Participle I
- •2.1. The morphological characteristics.
- •2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.
- •2.3. The functions of participle I.
- •2.3.1. An attribute
- •The Accusative with participle I (complex object)
- •The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
- •The nominative absolute construction with participle I
- •The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
- •3.4. The functions of participle II.
- •3.4.1. An attribute
- •3.4.2. A predicative
- •3.5.6. The prepositional absolute construction.
- •Exercises
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle II.
- •The Gerund
- •The morphological characteristics.
- •The temporal meaning of the gerund.
- •4.8. Some prepositional verbs and phrases used with the gerund.
- •Exercises
- •Gerundial complexes (constructions)
- •The gerund and the infinitive
- •The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
- •Revision exercises on participle and gerund.
- •5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
- •5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
- •5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
- •5.4.2.3. To express advice (a) and preference (b) (subjunctive II in the set phrases had better and would rather):
- •5.4.3. The conditional mood is used in simple sentences
- •5.4.3.1. With implied condition:
- •5.5.1.2.2. It is necessary to point out that when the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian and vice versa.
- •5.5.1.2.3. To express a hardly realizable wish the present tense of subjunctive II of a modal verb may be used in these object clauses.
- •5.5.1.3. Both tenses of subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of comparison. The tenses are used relatively.
- •5.5.1.3.1. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses introduced by as if and as though.
- •5.5.2. Subjunctive II and the conditional mood in complex sentences.
- •5.5.2.1. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition subjunctive II is used in the clause of condition and the conditional mood is used in the principal clause.
- •5.5.2.1.2. Three forms are used in clauses of condition with reference to the future (for details see 5.5.3.4.):
- •5.5.2.2. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of concession the choice of the mood form depends on the conjunction which introduces the subordinate clause.
- •5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
- •5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
- •5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
- •5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
- •The Use of Moods in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
- •The Use of Moods in Complex Sentences Subjunctive II in Complex Sentences
- •Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood in Complex Sentences
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
- •Revision Exercises
- •6.3.6. Incredulity (in negative sentences)
- •Revision exercises on can and may
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Should, ought (to)
- •6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:
- •6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability
- •6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected
- •6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:
- •Exercises.
- •6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
- •6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
- •6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
- •Exercises
- •Revision exercises on modal verbs
- •Literature
- •I. Theoretical sourses
- •II.Fiction and periodicals
- •III. Dictionaries
- •Abbreviations
- •Сontents
- •Александрова т.А., Фенова е.А.
Exercises
Exercise 18. Analyse the meanings of must. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. "And you must see my two little girls. They've gone to the Tuileries Gardens, but they ought to be in soon." (S.M.) 2. … if a butler is to be of any worth to anything or anybody in life, there must surely come a time when he ceases his searching. (K.I.) 3. "Very well, if you must be rushing off, I shall just tell you that I accepted my acquaintances' proposal." (K.I.) 4. She had good features and she must have been nice-looking once. (S.M.) 5. In these circumstances Elliott felt that he must remain in America until things were straightened out. (S.M.) 6. "That must have been what my mother meant," Miller said at length. (F.F.) 7. "You mustn't work yourself up," I said. (A.Chr.) 8. "The War Department must have given me the wrong number," she whimpered. (F.S.F.) 9. "We must not disguise from you, sir, that there is a want of power in Her Grace the Duchess." (Ch.D.) 10. But in her opinion one liked Mr. Ramsay all the better for thinking that if his little finger ached the whole world must come to an end. (V.W.) 11. I must have been crying because of Rachael's not being sorry to part with me. (Ch.D.) 12. The neat flower beds in the pictures must have disappeared years before. (D.S.) 13. On the road lay the corpse, covered in its white sheet. It must have taken great courage for the boy to move at all. (K.B.P.) 14. But the pictures they had looked at must have been taken fifty years before. (D.S.) 15. So I told him that I must have been crying, because of my godmother's death… (Ch.D.) 16. I plead nothing. I must never be forgiven for what I did. (E.S.) 17. To get the most out of life we must be tough-minded optimists, practical and realistic. (N.I.)
Exercise 19. Instructions as for 18.
1. It must have been the poisoner's plan to kill Euphemia and have it appear that Sarah had killed her. (E.Q.) 2. "Oh," said Miss Curleigh, and she swung her feet unsteadily to the floor. "I – I must look a sight. What happened?" (E.Q.) 3. She must have been murdered yesterday, perhaps the night before last. (E.Q.) 4. "It must have been wonderful in Venice, Mrs. de Winter, this time of the year." (D.M.) 5. She stopped, and I heard myself saying boldly, brazenly, "Rebecca must have been a wonderful person." (D.M.) 6. "Mrs. Danvers must be furious with me. It's so awful to think nothing in there has ever been broken before." (D.M.) 7. "You ought to have brought Maxim with you." "Maxim is in London. You must bring him next time." (D.M.) 8. Furthermore, it must be remembered that my father was a butler of an earlier generation. (K.I.) 9. Then, abruptly, he rose to his feet. "I must go." (S.M.) 10. When we got under the colonnade, Mr. Kenge remembered that he must go back for a moment, to ask a question. (Ch.D.) 11. It must have been two years afterwards, and I was almost fourteen, when one dreadful night my godmother and I sat at the fireside. (Ch.D.) 12. The jeep roared off down the valley towards a small cluster of lights which must have been the village the man had referred to. (A.Hit )
Exercise 20. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the infinitive.
1. I suppose I must (to be) serious from time to time. 2. Don't listen to him now! He must (to tell) another lie! 3. I think they must (to fail) to receive our telegram. 4. Boy, you mustn't (to be) so rude! You will offend her! 5. "I am afraid I must (to go) now," she murmured. 6. Nothing must (to do) in a hurry. 7. Judging by their behaviour they must (to be) madly in love. 8. She must (to be) a beauty some twenty years ago. 9. I can smell something burning in the kitchen. She must (to forget) to switch off the gas! 10. The children must (to find and to bring) back home at once! 11. We are friends and we must always (to remain) so. 12. He must (to be) a fool to think so. 13. "Who's making such an awful noise?" "The neighbours must (to quarrel) again." 14. She said we must (to come and to see) her baby. 15. If you don't want to be late you must (to take) a taxi. 16. They must (to take) a taxi, that is why they managed to come in time. 17. Aunt said I must (to tidy) up my room every day. 18. He must still (to be) at his office. Let's phone there. 19. It's already 7 p.m. He must (to leave) his office. 20. She must (to live) in this village since she was born.
Exercise 21. Paraphrase the sentences where possible using must.
1. Probably, he is still there. 2. Probably, he hasn't come yet. 3. Probably he will come soon. 4. They can't have failed to receive our telegram. 5. She can't be unaware of what is happening. 6. She can't have said such a thing! 7. He can't have failed to notice us. 8. Evidently he has taken the key with him. 9. Evidently, he has not left the key for us. 10. Probably, she is cooking dinner in the kitchen. 11. Probably, she has already cooked dinner. 12. Can she still be waiting for an answer? 13. Probably, she was offended. 14. Evidently, she'll be offended. 15. I am sure she is offended.
Exercise 22. Translate the sentences into English using must in different meanings.
1. Он быстро и без ошибок перевел этот текст. Должно быть, он хорошо знает английский. 2. Ты должен выписывать и учить все новые слова, иначе твой английский не улучшится. 3. Должно быть, я вас просто не заметил. Там было так много народу. 4. Конечно, она любит своего ребенка! 5. Никому не рассказывай об этом, даже своим ближайшим друзьям. 6. Очевидно, завтра погода улучшится. 7. Вероятно, им уже сообщили об этом. 8. Очевидно, им еще ничего не рассказали. 9. Должно быть, она заметила эту ошибку. 10. Должно быть, она не заметила, как вы вышли. 11. Обязательно приходите к нам на новоселье. 12. Ты должен побыстрее дочитать эту книгу и вернуть ее в библиотеку. 13. Должно быть, дождь уже кончился. 14. Должно быть, в то время шел сильный дождь. 15. Очевидно, скоро пойдет дождь. 16. У вас, вероятно, ушло много времени на то, чтобы отыскать этот дом. 17. Должно быть, он не обратил на это внимания. 18. Его нигде не видели уже неделю. Должно быть, он заболел.
Exercise 23. Instructions as for 22.
1. Ты должен позвонить ей еще раз. 2. Очевидно, он не дозвонился до нее. 3. Конечно, он позвонит ей еще раз. 4. Не надо думать, что вы всегда правы. 5. Обязательно посмотрите этот спектакль. 6. Мы не должны вмешиваться в их споры. 7. Ты должен немедленно извиниться перед ней! 8. Он чувствовал, что рано или поздно она узнает правду. 9. Наверняка вы встречались раньше. 10. Они сразу же замолчали, когда я вошел. Должно быть, они говорили обо мне. 11. Очевидно, подробности этого преступления скоро будут известны. 12. Очевидно, твой друг подал эту реплику. 13. Ты не должен ждать ни секунды больше! 14. Очевидно, эта сенсационная новость до них еще не дошла. 15. Ты должна напутствовать его добрыми пожеланиями. 16. Не выгуливай собаку без намордника. 17. Наверняка фашисты наткнулись на упорное сопротивление партизан. 18. Должно быть, сейчас ему не до развлечений. 19. Очевидно, эти нежданные гости нарушили все ваши планы. 20. Должно быть, он все еще недоумевает, как это могло произойти. 21. Конечно, она почувствовала неловкость, когда ее спросили об этом. 22. Должно быть, они всегда были неразлучными друзьями.
To Have (to)
6.6. The modal verb to have to has the following meanings:
6.6.1. necessity or obligation due to circumstances (in affirmative and interrogative sentences)
He had to sell his car in order to pay his debts.
Did he have to sell his car to pay his debts?
6.6.2. absence of necessity or permission not to do something (in negative sentences)
He doesn't have to sell his car to pay the money back. (нет необходимости…)
You don't have to tell me everything in detail. (можете не рассказывать…)
Note 1. This verb is used instead of must when the action refers to the past:
As it was late we had to leave.
In object clauses must can remain:
The officer reminded us that we must all (we all had to) keep together. (R.A.Close)
Note 2. As a modal verb to have (to) has all the necessary tense-aspect forms and the verbals:
How long have you had to wait for me?
Having to live alone, she was not use to receiving guests.