- •Alexandrova t.A., Fenova e.A.
- •Verbals. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •The Infinitive
- •The infinitive as a non-finite form of the verb.
- •The morphological characteristics of the infinitive.
- •1.2.1. Aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive do not differ from those of the finite verb.
- •The particle "to" before the infinitive
- •1.3.1. The split infinitive
- •1.4.3. The infinitive is used as an object to verbs expressing:
- •1.4.4. The infinitive used as an attribute immediately follows its head-noun.
- •1.4.5. The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier.
- •1.4.5.1. An adverbial modifier of purpose:
- •1.4.5.2. An adverbial modifier of result or consequence:
- •1.4.5.3. An adverbial modifier of subsequent events:
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with the infinitive
- •1.6.1. The Accusative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
- •Exercises
- •Without the anticipatory it
- •With the anticipatory it
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Infinitive
- •Revision Exercises
- •Participle I
- •2.1. The morphological characteristics.
- •2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.
- •2.3. The functions of participle I.
- •2.3.1. An attribute
- •The Accusative with participle I (complex object)
- •The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
- •The nominative absolute construction with participle I
- •The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
- •3.4. The functions of participle II.
- •3.4.1. An attribute
- •3.4.2. A predicative
- •3.5.6. The prepositional absolute construction.
- •Exercises
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle II.
- •The Gerund
- •The morphological characteristics.
- •The temporal meaning of the gerund.
- •4.8. Some prepositional verbs and phrases used with the gerund.
- •Exercises
- •Gerundial complexes (constructions)
- •The gerund and the infinitive
- •The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
- •Revision exercises on participle and gerund.
- •5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
- •5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
- •5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
- •5.4.2.3. To express advice (a) and preference (b) (subjunctive II in the set phrases had better and would rather):
- •5.4.3. The conditional mood is used in simple sentences
- •5.4.3.1. With implied condition:
- •5.5.1.2.2. It is necessary to point out that when the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian and vice versa.
- •5.5.1.2.3. To express a hardly realizable wish the present tense of subjunctive II of a modal verb may be used in these object clauses.
- •5.5.1.3. Both tenses of subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of comparison. The tenses are used relatively.
- •5.5.1.3.1. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses introduced by as if and as though.
- •5.5.2. Subjunctive II and the conditional mood in complex sentences.
- •5.5.2.1. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition subjunctive II is used in the clause of condition and the conditional mood is used in the principal clause.
- •5.5.2.1.2. Three forms are used in clauses of condition with reference to the future (for details see 5.5.3.4.):
- •5.5.2.2. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of concession the choice of the mood form depends on the conjunction which introduces the subordinate clause.
- •5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
- •5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
- •5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
- •5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
- •The Use of Moods in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
- •The Use of Moods in Complex Sentences Subjunctive II in Complex Sentences
- •Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood in Complex Sentences
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
- •Revision Exercises
- •6.3.6. Incredulity (in negative sentences)
- •Revision exercises on can and may
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Should, ought (to)
- •6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:
- •6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability
- •6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected
- •6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:
- •Exercises.
- •6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
- •6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
- •6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
- •Exercises
- •Revision exercises on modal verbs
- •Literature
- •I. Theoretical sourses
- •II.Fiction and periodicals
- •III. Dictionaries
- •Abbreviations
- •Сontents
- •Александрова т.А., Фенова е.А.
Revision exercises on can and may
Exercise 14. Analyse the meanings of can and may. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Australia can bring forth writers, orators, financiers, singers, musicians, actors, and athletes which are second to none of any nation under the sun. (M.F.) 2. I can see several tents rigged for the night, looking like white specks in the distance. (M.F.) 3. He threw his handkerchief over my chest, saying I might catch cold, but I scouted the idea. (M.F.) 4. I was afraid the boat might have stunned you in capsizing, and you would be drowned before I could find you. (M.F.) 5. "Harold, it is shameful to teach a little innocent child such abominable slang; and you might give her a decent nickname." (M.F.) 6. There was little I could do for Mr. Farraday to prevent all but Mrs. Clements leaving for other employment. (K.I.) 7. The cause of this illness has not been identified, although recent research suggests that the problem may stem from an immune system reacting abnormally to the brain's chemical processes. (N.I.) 8. … so sufferers of this condition can only have their symptoms treated through a combination of counselling and drugs. (N.I.) 9. The roof seemed to be intact. Could it be – could it be? No, it wasn't possible. (M.Mit) 10. The English have no respect for their language… . They cannot spell it because they have nothing to spell it with but an old foreign alphabet. (B.Sh.) 11. Who could deny that Elliott, that arch-snob, was also the kindest, most considerate and generous of men? (S.M.) 12. … any experiment involving a change in the environment will alter many things, which may or may not be important. (E.Z.) 13. Does he constantly criticise and blame you or others for everything that is wrong in his life, rather than accept that he might have made a mistake? (N.I.) 14. Who could Jenny be talking to … ? (E.S.)
Exercise 15. Insert can, may or both in the appropriate form.
Neither wanted to bring up the subject for fear of what that … lead to. 2. She … have been a little puzzled by this question, for she was silent for some time before answering. 3. There is little we … do for him now. 4. "… you see what is written there?" "No, I … not. I am short-sighted." 5. "The cost of such a trip … come to a surprising amount. Are you sure you have enough money to afford it?" 6. "Let's go to the countryside. At this time of the year we … get some work on a farm." 7. "I see you have so much time on your hands if you … simply wander about this house doing nothing and poking your nose into other people's affairs." 8. She used to hope ardently that her daughter … have a better life than she herself had. 9. I … not say I felt greatly excited at hearing the news. 10. He … sense the steep drop to his left, though he … not see it due to the trees and thick foliage that lined the roadside. 11. You … be amazed to hear that this obvious mistake for a long time escaped my notice. 12. You have made several spelling mistakes. You … have been more attentive translating such an important text! 13. I am sure America … offer you more opportunities than your motherland. Try to emigrate. 14. He refused to help you? He … not be so callous! 15. … he have misunderstood us? 16. Nobody … have supposed that you quarrelled. 17. It is time for the woman to take her own decisions, however slow the progress … be. 18. "It is quite clear they suspect that something is wrong, and their suspicions … be quite justified! 19. Nobody else … have done it better than you did! 20. … I smoke here?
Exercise 16. Paraphrase the following sentences using can or may in the appropriate form.
1. Perhaps, he has forgotten it. 2. I don't believe that he has forgotten it. 3. It is possible that he will forget it soon. 4. Is it possible that he has forgotten it? 5. Did he allow you to take his books? 6. I forbid you to speak to me in such a tone! 7. It is impossible that they didn't find the place. 8. They will perhaps discuss the question at the next meeting. 9. Did he give you permission to come here? 10. Perhaps, he didn't notice us. 11. I am sure she hasn't fallen ill. 12. Is it possible that they didn't congratulate you? 14. Perhaps, he doesn't know it. 15. I am not able to stand here any longer! 16. Maybe he has been taken to hospital. 17. It is possible to see the lake and the forest through this window. 18. He was unable to find it out.
Exercise 17. Translate the sentences into English using can, may or both.
1. Мы встречались и прежде, но, возможно, вы забыли об этом. 2. Не может быть, чтобы мы встречались прежде. Я уверена, что вижу вас впервые. 3. Где мы можем с вами встретиться? 4. Неужели вы прежде не встречались? 5. Не может быть, чтобы она нас обманула. 6. Возможно, она нас обманула. 7. Может быть, она нас и не обманула. 8. Возможно, она нас обманет. 9. Неужели она нас обманывает. 10. Можно я принесу статью завтра? 11. Вам нельзя оставлять это дело без внимания. 12. "Она убежала (to run off) с Хитклиффом!" "Не может этого быть!" 13. Я не мог не пойти на эту встречу. 14. Возможно, мы скоро получим ответ на этот вопрос. 15. Он не смог ответить даже на этот простой вопрос. 16. Неужели он не ответил даже на этот вопрос. 17. "Мам, можно я возьму еще одну конфету?" "Тебе нельзя есть много сладкого." 18. Нам, пожалуй, лучше сходить в кино. 19. Он мог бы оставить ей побольше денег перед отъездом. Сейчас ей просто не на что жить. 20. Вряд ли она была красавицей даже в юности. 21. Возможно, ты встретишь там настоящих друзей.
Must
6.5. The modal verb must has the following meanings:
6.5.1. obligation, necessity, duty (in all types of sentences)
We must help him.
We must not help him, he is grown up enough.
Must we help him?
6.5.2. prohibition
You must not walk on the grass.
6.5.3. emphatic advice, invitation
You mustn't miss that chance!
You must come to see our new flat.
6.5.4. something unavoidable
Sooner or later every man must die.
6.5.5. supposition bordering on assurance (очевидно, вероятно, должно быть)
She is very pale, she must be ill.
They must still be waiting for us.
He must have gone.
She must have been sleeping when you phoned her.
Note 1. In this meaning must is not used in the negative form. The negation is expressed lexically or the words probably, evidently are used:
He must have failed to come.
Probably he hasn't some.
Note 2. In this meaning must is not used with reference to the future:
Должно быть, они придут завтра. – Evidently they will arrive tomorrow.
Note 3. must be going is a set phrase.