- •Alexandrova t.A., Fenova e.A.
- •Verbals. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •The Infinitive
- •The infinitive as a non-finite form of the verb.
- •The morphological characteristics of the infinitive.
- •1.2.1. Aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive do not differ from those of the finite verb.
- •The particle "to" before the infinitive
- •1.3.1. The split infinitive
- •1.4.3. The infinitive is used as an object to verbs expressing:
- •1.4.4. The infinitive used as an attribute immediately follows its head-noun.
- •1.4.5. The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier.
- •1.4.5.1. An adverbial modifier of purpose:
- •1.4.5.2. An adverbial modifier of result or consequence:
- •1.4.5.3. An adverbial modifier of subsequent events:
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with the infinitive
- •1.6.1. The Accusative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
- •Exercises
- •Without the anticipatory it
- •With the anticipatory it
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Infinitive
- •Revision Exercises
- •Participle I
- •2.1. The morphological characteristics.
- •2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.
- •2.3. The functions of participle I.
- •2.3.1. An attribute
- •The Accusative with participle I (complex object)
- •The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
- •The nominative absolute construction with participle I
- •The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
- •3.4. The functions of participle II.
- •3.4.1. An attribute
- •3.4.2. A predicative
- •3.5.6. The prepositional absolute construction.
- •Exercises
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle II.
- •The Gerund
- •The morphological characteristics.
- •The temporal meaning of the gerund.
- •4.8. Some prepositional verbs and phrases used with the gerund.
- •Exercises
- •Gerundial complexes (constructions)
- •The gerund and the infinitive
- •The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
- •Revision exercises on participle and gerund.
- •5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
- •5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
- •5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
- •5.4.2.3. To express advice (a) and preference (b) (subjunctive II in the set phrases had better and would rather):
- •5.4.3. The conditional mood is used in simple sentences
- •5.4.3.1. With implied condition:
- •5.5.1.2.2. It is necessary to point out that when the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian and vice versa.
- •5.5.1.2.3. To express a hardly realizable wish the present tense of subjunctive II of a modal verb may be used in these object clauses.
- •5.5.1.3. Both tenses of subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of comparison. The tenses are used relatively.
- •5.5.1.3.1. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses introduced by as if and as though.
- •5.5.2. Subjunctive II and the conditional mood in complex sentences.
- •5.5.2.1. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition subjunctive II is used in the clause of condition and the conditional mood is used in the principal clause.
- •5.5.2.1.2. Three forms are used in clauses of condition with reference to the future (for details see 5.5.3.4.):
- •5.5.2.2. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of concession the choice of the mood form depends on the conjunction which introduces the subordinate clause.
- •5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
- •5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
- •5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
- •5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
- •The Use of Moods in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
- •The Use of Moods in Complex Sentences Subjunctive II in Complex Sentences
- •Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood in Complex Sentences
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
- •Revision Exercises
- •6.3.6. Incredulity (in negative sentences)
- •Revision exercises on can and may
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Should, ought (to)
- •6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:
- •6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability
- •6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected
- •6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:
- •Exercises.
- •6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
- •6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
- •6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
- •Exercises
- •Revision exercises on modal verbs
- •Literature
- •I. Theoretical sourses
- •II.Fiction and periodicals
- •III. Dictionaries
- •Abbreviations
- •Сontents
- •Александрова т.А., Фенова е.А.
Revision Exercises
Exercise 79. Comment on the choice of the word form and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. "It looks as though there were complete incompatibility of temper between you. It's much better that you should have found it out before marriage." "I want to marry…". (S.M.) 2. "… and I shall let you down. Because even if I did see him again I mightn't recognize him. I've got a bad memory for faces." "Now then, not the hysteria. If you should see this man you would recognise him." (A.Chr.) 3. The letter politely requested that Miss Willis present herself for interview the next day. (Longman Dictionary) 4. Miss Crawley won't hear of their quarrelling and vows that she will leave her money to the Shropshire Crawleys if they offend her. If they were clever people, those Shropshire Crawleys, they might have it all, I think. (W.Th.) 5. It was in the Gay Shamrock. He'd ordered scrambled eggs on toast and when I brought them to him I was crying. "Sit down," he said, "and tell me what's the matter." "Oh, I couldn't," I said. "I'd get the sack if I did a thing like that." "No, you won't," he said, "I own this place." I told him all about it. (A.Chr.) 6. Davies sees it as a serious mistake of timing rather than principle. "Had we joined the ERM when Lawson and Howe first recommended it in 1985 we may have had a less rampant boom in the late 1980s and a less significant recession." (S.T.) 7. Close examination of the wires showed that while some had been heated, none apparently had suffered damage. If a similar condition had occurred within an automobile, bus or truck, the vehicle would have been put back into service without question. But airlines took no such chances. (A.H.) 8. "You still don't understand. If you told Michael what I've told you today, I'm a dead man. You and the children are the only people on this earth he couldn't harm." (M.P.) 9. Whatever he should say, I shan't change my mind. 10. "The point is, can you help me?" "I wish I could," said the man, and Miller believed he had met an official who genuinely would like to help him." Personally I would like to engage the alliance with the Press of Germany to help, but it's forbidden. I repeat I wish I could help you. Incidentally, if you should get anything on Roschmann, we'd be delighted to have it." (F.F.
Exercise 80. State whether the verbs should and would are auxiliary or modal.
1. "I treat a number of dementia patients and rather than give them lists of names to remember, I suggest to their carers that they should try to have a varied and interesting lifestyle and that they shouldn't allow them to watch television all day. I tell them they should get out of the house, try to maintain friends, keep old interests and new ones." (S.Times) 2. If by any chance you should get a whisper of anyone asking inconvenient questions about this man, that person should be … discouraged. One warning, and then a permanent solution. (F.F.) 3. She shouldn't have been listening to our conversation. It was private. (R.Murphy) 4. It must have been a dramatic moment. In Poirot's place I should have felt the dramatic thrill. (A.Chr.) 5. We demanded that the money should be returned to the investors. (M.Hewings) 6. All drivers should wear seat belts. (R.Murphy) 7. The law stipulates that new cars should be fitted with seat belts. (M.Hewings) 8. I should study the pictures in the gallery, Madam, if I were you. (D.M.) 9. "I should have thought that it would be almost impossible for anyone to "disappear" nowadays. (A.Chr.) 10. I wonder why they're so late. They should have been here an hour ago. (R.Murphy) 11. "I certainly wish you would play ball now and then, Oliver." (E.S.) 12. I wish children would play fewer computer games. If only they would watch less TV. (L.Prodromou) 13. But I would like for you to do one thing if you would. (D.Biber) 14. "So you see," she said, "you are Christophe's daughter. Michael is not your biological father, although he has always considered you to be his own. In fact, in a way, he loves you even more than he would his natural daughter." (S.Times) 15. At last she agreed to marry me. I wished she would stop working, but of course she felt it her duty in war time. (A.Chr.)
Exercise 81. Translate the Russian sentences into English.
1. Даже если бы он меня и предупредил, я не смог бы вчера проводить его. 2. Если бы мы успели тогда на 8-часовой поезд, мы бы добрались туда к обеду. 3. Броуди пожалел, что Эллен не пришла с ним. 4. Зря ты его предупредил. 5. Жаль, здесь нет моей тетушки! 6. Не пора ли ему подыскать себе приличную работу? 7. Комната выглядела так, словно по ней пронесся (to visit) торнадо. 8. Brian is a terrible driver. Он ездит так, словно он на дороге один! 9. Ну, почему эти люди за стеной никак не убавят звук своего телевизора?! 10. У тебя такой вид, как будто ты совсем не спал. 11. Ах, если бы мы не разбили машину! 12. Да перестаньте же вы наконец так шуметь!
Exercise 82. Instructions as for 81.
1. Ах, если бы мы могли сделать лодку! 2. Всем водителям следует пользоваться ремнями безопасности. 3. Мне бы лучше держаться подальше от машины, не так ли? 4. Я, пожалуй, поеду на машине. 5. Боже, храни королеву! 6. Он, пожалуй, не поедет на машине. 7. Да сопутствует Вам удача! 8. Ах, если бы я была немного постройнее! 9. Если Вам вдруг понадобится моя консультация, Вы можете связаться со мной по этому телефону. 10. А что если он вдруг забудет им позвонить? 11. Кто бы он ни был, не впускайте его! 12. Она молча слушала объяснение Мэла – почему ему так важно оставаться в аэропорту.
Modal Verbs
6.1. The meaning of modal verbs.
These verbs show the speaker's attitude toward the action or state indicated by the infinitive. The action may be represented as possible, impossible, obligatory, probable, etc.
6.2. The morphological characteristics.
Modal verbs are called defective because most of them lack verbals and analytical forms and they don't take –s in the 3rd person singular. With the exception of the verbs ought, to be, to have they are followed by the infinitive without the particle to.
Can
6.3. The modal verbs can has the following meanings:
6.3.1. physical or mental ability; capability
(this meaning is also expressed by to be able)
He can run very quickly.
I can't play chess.
Can usually expresses an action referring to the present. In some contexts, however, it may express actions referring to the future:
I think I can help you afterwards.
If the time reference is not clear to be able is used:
I'll be able to help you.
A real action in the past is expressed by could (past indicative) and the simple infinitive:
He could speak English when he was a boy.
An unreal imaginary action referring to the present is expressed by could (Subjunctive II present) and the simple infinitive; to the past – by could and the perfect infinitive:
She could answer this question now.
She could have answered this question then.
Note 1. Could is not used to describe the successful completion of a specific action; was / were able to, managed to or succeeded in must be used instead:
In the end they were able (managed) to rescue the cat on the roof. or … succeeded in rescuing… (L.G.Alexander)
If the action was not successfully completed we may use couldn't:
They tried for hours, but they couldn't rescue the cat. (L.G.Alexander)
Note 2. Can is often used with the verbs of physical perception and with the verb to understand:
I can hear somebody knocking at the door.
He can't understand what we are talking about.
6.3.2. possibility due to circumstances (in all types of sentences)
You can get to the centre on foot.
You can't get to the centre on foot.
Can I get to the centre on foot?
6.3.3. permission (in affirmative and interrogative sentences)
You can take my dictionary.
Can I take your dictionary?
Note. To make asking for permission more polite could is used:
Could I take your dictionary?
6.3.4. prohibition (in negative sentences)
You can't take my things without permission!
6.3.5. astonishment (in interrogative sentences)
Can (could) it be true?
Can (could) they be living here?
Can (could) he have told a lie?
Can (could) they have been working all this time?
Can (could) they have been quarrelling when you came?
Note. Can is not used in the negative form in this meaning. To express negation we must use either lexical means or the phrase can it be:
Can (could) he have failed to come?
Can it be that he doesn't believe me?