- •Alexandrova t.A., Fenova e.A.
- •Verbals. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •The Infinitive
- •The infinitive as a non-finite form of the verb.
- •The morphological characteristics of the infinitive.
- •1.2.1. Aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive do not differ from those of the finite verb.
- •The particle "to" before the infinitive
- •1.3.1. The split infinitive
- •1.4.3. The infinitive is used as an object to verbs expressing:
- •1.4.4. The infinitive used as an attribute immediately follows its head-noun.
- •1.4.5. The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier.
- •1.4.5.1. An adverbial modifier of purpose:
- •1.4.5.2. An adverbial modifier of result or consequence:
- •1.4.5.3. An adverbial modifier of subsequent events:
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with the infinitive
- •1.6.1. The Accusative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
- •Exercises
- •Without the anticipatory it
- •With the anticipatory it
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Infinitive
- •Revision Exercises
- •Participle I
- •2.1. The morphological characteristics.
- •2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.
- •2.3. The functions of participle I.
- •2.3.1. An attribute
- •The Accusative with participle I (complex object)
- •The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
- •The nominative absolute construction with participle I
- •The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
- •3.4. The functions of participle II.
- •3.4.1. An attribute
- •3.4.2. A predicative
- •3.5.6. The prepositional absolute construction.
- •Exercises
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle II.
- •The Gerund
- •The morphological characteristics.
- •The temporal meaning of the gerund.
- •4.8. Some prepositional verbs and phrases used with the gerund.
- •Exercises
- •Gerundial complexes (constructions)
- •The gerund and the infinitive
- •The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
- •Revision exercises on participle and gerund.
- •5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
- •5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
- •5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
- •5.4.2.3. To express advice (a) and preference (b) (subjunctive II in the set phrases had better and would rather):
- •5.4.3. The conditional mood is used in simple sentences
- •5.4.3.1. With implied condition:
- •5.5.1.2.2. It is necessary to point out that when the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian and vice versa.
- •5.5.1.2.3. To express a hardly realizable wish the present tense of subjunctive II of a modal verb may be used in these object clauses.
- •5.5.1.3. Both tenses of subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of comparison. The tenses are used relatively.
- •5.5.1.3.1. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses introduced by as if and as though.
- •5.5.2. Subjunctive II and the conditional mood in complex sentences.
- •5.5.2.1. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition subjunctive II is used in the clause of condition and the conditional mood is used in the principal clause.
- •5.5.2.1.2. Three forms are used in clauses of condition with reference to the future (for details see 5.5.3.4.):
- •5.5.2.2. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of concession the choice of the mood form depends on the conjunction which introduces the subordinate clause.
- •5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
- •5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
- •5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
- •5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
- •The Use of Moods in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
- •The Use of Moods in Complex Sentences Subjunctive II in Complex Sentences
- •Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood in Complex Sentences
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
- •Revision Exercises
- •6.3.6. Incredulity (in negative sentences)
- •Revision exercises on can and may
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Should, ought (to)
- •6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:
- •6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability
- •6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected
- •6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:
- •Exercises.
- •6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
- •6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
- •6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
- •Exercises
- •Revision exercises on modal verbs
- •Literature
- •I. Theoretical sourses
- •II.Fiction and periodicals
- •III. Dictionaries
- •Abbreviations
- •Сontents
- •Александрова т.А., Фенова е.А.
5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
"There is a good fire in there. Of course, if you should wish to have the fire in the library as well I will give orders for it to be lit." "Oh, no," I said. "The house telephone is also in the morning-room, should you wish to speak to Mrs. Danvers." "Thank you, Frith," I said.
The clause of condition is joined to the principal clause by the conjunction if or asyndetically, by means of inversion.
The noise is so loud that if you should shout for help no one would hear you.
Should anyone phone, tell them I'm in conference.
The present tense of the suppositional mood is used to show that the realization of the condition is unlikely though possible, and the imperative or the indicative mood may be used in the principal clause.
If that should happen, please act calmly but quickly, and obey instructions given you by any member of the crew.
Should there be a problem, don't hesitate to call me.
If Lowen should come before he himself returned, he was to be shown into the study and asked to wait.
Such clauses are sometimes called clauses of problematic condition. They may be rendered in Russian as "случись так, что…", "если случайно…", "если вдруг …", "если так случится, что … ", "окажись …", "если окажется, что …", etc.
If the wound should become inflamed, do not hesitate to call me. – Если вдруг рана воспалится, вызывайте меня, не стесняйтесь.
Should I be in their town, I'm sure they'll be glad to welcome me to their house. – Окажись я в их городе, я уверен, они будут рады принять меня в своем доме.
5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
a) in clauses of concession introduced by the conjunction even if or even though:
Even if Bart should be held up at the last moment, as he was last Sunday, she wouldn't let it upset her.
Even should there be nothing new, you are to phone to say so.
b) in clauses of concession introduced by the conjunctions though, although, whatever, whoever, etc.:
Whatever he should say, I shan't change my opinion.
However hard he should try, he will not convince me.
5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
"Let justice be done though the heavens fall," says the maxim. Incorporating the European Convention is not going to bring down the heavens. It may, however, be enough one day to bring down Tony Blair's Government.
Whatever I say, I seem to say the wrong thing.
However hard I try, I can never remember people's names.
A clause of concession may be joined asyndetically.
When the going gets tough, it's these people who react best – be it at a natural disaster, accident or sudden emergency.
One peculiarity of his black clothes, and of his black stockings, be they silk or worsted, is that they never shine.
5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
They are convinced that, however dishonest he may be with others, he won't be so with them.
Extraordinary though it may seem, London has less rain than Rome.
Whatever your own private feelings may be, it's best to take his advice.