- •Alexandrova t.A., Fenova e.A.
- •Verbals. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •The Infinitive
- •The infinitive as a non-finite form of the verb.
- •The morphological characteristics of the infinitive.
- •1.2.1. Aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive do not differ from those of the finite verb.
- •The particle "to" before the infinitive
- •1.3.1. The split infinitive
- •1.4.3. The infinitive is used as an object to verbs expressing:
- •1.4.4. The infinitive used as an attribute immediately follows its head-noun.
- •1.4.5. The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier.
- •1.4.5.1. An adverbial modifier of purpose:
- •1.4.5.2. An adverbial modifier of result or consequence:
- •1.4.5.3. An adverbial modifier of subsequent events:
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with the infinitive
- •1.6.1. The Accusative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
- •Exercises
- •Without the anticipatory it
- •With the anticipatory it
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Infinitive
- •Revision Exercises
- •Participle I
- •2.1. The morphological characteristics.
- •2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.
- •2.3. The functions of participle I.
- •2.3.1. An attribute
- •The Accusative with participle I (complex object)
- •The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
- •The nominative absolute construction with participle I
- •The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
- •3.4. The functions of participle II.
- •3.4.1. An attribute
- •3.4.2. A predicative
- •3.5.6. The prepositional absolute construction.
- •Exercises
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle II.
- •The Gerund
- •The morphological characteristics.
- •The temporal meaning of the gerund.
- •4.8. Some prepositional verbs and phrases used with the gerund.
- •Exercises
- •Gerundial complexes (constructions)
- •The gerund and the infinitive
- •The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
- •Revision exercises on participle and gerund.
- •5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
- •5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
- •5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
- •5.4.2.3. To express advice (a) and preference (b) (subjunctive II in the set phrases had better and would rather):
- •5.4.3. The conditional mood is used in simple sentences
- •5.4.3.1. With implied condition:
- •5.5.1.2.2. It is necessary to point out that when the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian and vice versa.
- •5.5.1.2.3. To express a hardly realizable wish the present tense of subjunctive II of a modal verb may be used in these object clauses.
- •5.5.1.3. Both tenses of subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of comparison. The tenses are used relatively.
- •5.5.1.3.1. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses introduced by as if and as though.
- •5.5.2. Subjunctive II and the conditional mood in complex sentences.
- •5.5.2.1. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition subjunctive II is used in the clause of condition and the conditional mood is used in the principal clause.
- •5.5.2.1.2. Three forms are used in clauses of condition with reference to the future (for details see 5.5.3.4.):
- •5.5.2.2. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of concession the choice of the mood form depends on the conjunction which introduces the subordinate clause.
- •5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
- •5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
- •5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
- •5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
- •The Use of Moods in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
- •The Use of Moods in Complex Sentences Subjunctive II in Complex Sentences
- •Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood in Complex Sentences
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
- •Revision Exercises
- •6.3.6. Incredulity (in negative sentences)
- •Revision exercises on can and may
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Should, ought (to)
- •6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:
- •6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability
- •6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected
- •6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:
- •Exercises.
- •6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
- •6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
- •6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
- •Exercises
- •Revision exercises on modal verbs
- •Literature
- •I. Theoretical sourses
- •II.Fiction and periodicals
- •III. Dictionaries
- •Abbreviations
- •Сontents
- •Александрова т.А., Фенова е.А.
5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
a) The cats are said to have been introduced to control rats by James Spurs, who rejected the suggestion that only one sex should be introduced.
He rejected my suggestion that we appoint Roger.
Six companies have signed an agreement that they should share the costs of research and development.
b) A suggestion which has support in relation to the reorganization of the health services is that a system of processable personal health records should be developed for the community as a whole.
The letters were sent to me because the essence of your plan was that one of then should be wrongly addressed and go astray – but you cannot arrange for a letter addressed to the Criminal Investigation Department of Scotland Yard to go astray! It is necessary to have a private address.
5.5.3.2.2. The suppositional mood is used in object clauses after predicative adjectives such as sorry (glad, pleased, delighted, eager, anxious, determined, etc) if the action is regarded as an imagined one.
I was anxious that Susan should be involved in the decision.
Amelia would have been delighted that Joseph should carry back a wife to India.
You may be amazed that such an obvious shortcoming to a staff plan should have continued to escape my notice.
5.5.3.2.3. The suppositional mood (rarely subjunctive I) is used after expressions of fear, apprehension, worry in object clauses introduced by the conjunction lest (sometimes that).
He paused, afraid lest he should say too much.
The child watched them, nervous lest they hurt themselves.
And I became nervous and fearful that some turn in a careless conversation should bring that expression back to his eyes again. I began to dread any mention of the sea.
The tenses are used relatively.
I'm horrified that he should have told anyone.
5.5.3.2.3.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative clauses (b) after nouns expressing fear.
a) I have no fear lest I should have chosen the wrong way.
b) My dread is lest the principles of the mother who was a person of the very lowest order and morals – should at any time prove to be hereditary in the unhappy young woman whom I took as an outcast.
Her hidden fear was lest she should have missed something of value in life.
5.5.3.2.3.2. If the clause is introduced by the conjunction that, the indicative mood of the modal verb may is usually used. The rules of the sequence of tenses are observed.
He was worried that he might lose his job.
She is afraid that there may be something wrong with her father.
I bought the car at once for fear that he might change his mind.
5.5.3.3. The suppositional mood (rarely subjunctive I) is used in adverbial clauses of purpose introduced by the conjunction lest.
Lest you should think I'm not telling the truth, I have brought two witnesses with me.
I avoided mentioning the subject lest he be offended.
As the action in the clause of purpose follows the action in the principal clause, only the present tense of the suppositional mood is used.
She pulled away from the window lest anyone should see them.
5.5.3.3.1. Clauses of purpose are also introduced by that, so that, in order that and so. The indicative mood of the modal verbs can and may is mostly used in the subordinate clause, and the rules of the sequence of tenses are observed.
It is also possible to gift the bond to a child or grandchild so that they can go on using the properties in the future.
The door opened. Henderson shoved Andy out and pulled him across the room so he could lock the heavy door leading into the room.
I have told you this so that you may take precautions.
High and low, all made fun of him. They upset buckets and benches so that he might break his shins over them, which he never failed to do.
5.5.3.3.2. The suppositional mood is also used in clauses of purpose introduced by that, so that, so, in order that. When the verb in the clause is in the negative form, the suppositional mood is preferred.
Mrs. Danvers came out of the library, shutting the door behind her. I crouched against the wall of the gallery so that I should not be seen. She passed up the stairs swiftly and silently.
The police issued a warning in order that the public should be aware of the danger.