- •Alexandrova t.A., Fenova e.A.
- •Verbals. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •The Infinitive
- •The infinitive as a non-finite form of the verb.
- •The morphological characteristics of the infinitive.
- •1.2.1. Aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive do not differ from those of the finite verb.
- •The particle "to" before the infinitive
- •1.3.1. The split infinitive
- •1.4.3. The infinitive is used as an object to verbs expressing:
- •1.4.4. The infinitive used as an attribute immediately follows its head-noun.
- •1.4.5. The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier.
- •1.4.5.1. An adverbial modifier of purpose:
- •1.4.5.2. An adverbial modifier of result or consequence:
- •1.4.5.3. An adverbial modifier of subsequent events:
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with the infinitive
- •1.6.1. The Accusative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
- •Exercises
- •Without the anticipatory it
- •With the anticipatory it
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Infinitive
- •Revision Exercises
- •Participle I
- •2.1. The morphological characteristics.
- •2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.
- •2.3. The functions of participle I.
- •2.3.1. An attribute
- •The Accusative with participle I (complex object)
- •The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
- •The nominative absolute construction with participle I
- •The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
- •3.4. The functions of participle II.
- •3.4.1. An attribute
- •3.4.2. A predicative
- •3.5.6. The prepositional absolute construction.
- •Exercises
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle II.
- •The Gerund
- •The morphological characteristics.
- •The temporal meaning of the gerund.
- •4.8. Some prepositional verbs and phrases used with the gerund.
- •Exercises
- •Gerundial complexes (constructions)
- •The gerund and the infinitive
- •The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
- •Revision exercises on participle and gerund.
- •5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
- •5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
- •5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
- •5.4.2.3. To express advice (a) and preference (b) (subjunctive II in the set phrases had better and would rather):
- •5.4.3. The conditional mood is used in simple sentences
- •5.4.3.1. With implied condition:
- •5.5.1.2.2. It is necessary to point out that when the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian and vice versa.
- •5.5.1.2.3. To express a hardly realizable wish the present tense of subjunctive II of a modal verb may be used in these object clauses.
- •5.5.1.3. Both tenses of subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of comparison. The tenses are used relatively.
- •5.5.1.3.1. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses introduced by as if and as though.
- •5.5.2. Subjunctive II and the conditional mood in complex sentences.
- •5.5.2.1. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition subjunctive II is used in the clause of condition and the conditional mood is used in the principal clause.
- •5.5.2.1.2. Three forms are used in clauses of condition with reference to the future (for details see 5.5.3.4.):
- •5.5.2.2. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of concession the choice of the mood form depends on the conjunction which introduces the subordinate clause.
- •5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
- •5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
- •5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
- •5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
- •The Use of Moods in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
- •The Use of Moods in Complex Sentences Subjunctive II in Complex Sentences
- •Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood in Complex Sentences
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
- •Revision Exercises
- •6.3.6. Incredulity (in negative sentences)
- •Revision exercises on can and may
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Should, ought (to)
- •6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:
- •6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability
- •6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected
- •6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:
- •Exercises.
- •6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
- •6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
- •6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
- •Exercises
- •Revision exercises on modal verbs
- •Literature
- •I. Theoretical sourses
- •II.Fiction and periodicals
- •III. Dictionaries
- •Abbreviations
- •Сontents
- •Александрова т.А., Фенова е.А.
5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
1) Relative tenses:
"I'm going to the airport tonight. By God! – it's time somebody did." (present + present)
She looks as if she had been handsome once, and her eyes are always weeping for the loss of her beauty. (present + past)
It was essential that the aircraft should seek a safer altitude below. (past + present)
2) Absolute tenses:
Ascher, Fraser or Barnard, possibly Mr. Clarke – those are the people the police would have suspected even if they had been unable to get direct proof. An unknown homicidal murderer would not have been thought of! Why, then, did the murderer feel it necessary to call attention to himself? (past tenses)
"You seem to forget I love Mr. de Winter", I said, "If you loved him you would never have married him. You tried to take Mrs. De Winter's place," Mrs. Danvers said. (present + past)
5.2.6. Thus, the tenses of the oblique moods express time relatively (simultaneousness or priority) when the sentence contains a verb in the indicative mood. If all the verbs in the sentence are in the oblique moods, the tenses express time absolutely (the present, past or future time).
1) Relative tenses:
Michael was not as tender as he had been. As if he were on guard against her. (simultaneousness) But it was as if he had never been away. (priority)
Connie had suggested to Mrs Bolton that she should learn to use a typewriter. (simultaneousness)
He said that if he were attentive he wouldn't have made the mistake. (simultaneousness; priority)
2) Absolute tenses:
You are so thoughtful, Esther," she said, "and yet so cheerful! And you do so much! You would make a home out of even this house." (the future time)
Do you regret you didn't marry Larry ten years ago?" "No. It would have been madness. (the past time)
"And another thing. You can't have an ordinary hunt because the beast doesn't leave tracks. If it did you'd have seen them long ago. (the present time; the past time)
5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
Aspect and voice distinctions are expressed by the oblique moods and do not differ from those of the indicative mood.
She was looking at me very intently, as if she were watching for some sort of sign.
The woman's eyes were red as if she had been crying. She took no notice as Cindy came in.
There was the unmistakable sound of running feet, accompanied by an uneven scraping, as if something were being dragged.
"I'm going to the airport tonight. By God! – it's time somebody did."
"Yes," I said, "my sweet, my love." But I looked away from him so he should not see my face.
Mrs. Danvers came out of the library. I crouched against the wall of the gallery so that I should not bee seen.
It is very desirable that a thorough study be made of the Gulf of California.
Thus it is probable that if rocket launches had been continued at Estrange (Sweden), a further warming would have been observed.
5.4. The use of the oblique moods in simple sentences.
Subjunctive I, subjunctive II and the conditional mood may be used in simple sentences.
5.4.1. Subjunctive I is used in simple sentences to express:
5.4.1.1. wish:
Success attend you!
God bless you.
Long live King Edmund!
5.4.1.2. concession:
So be it.
Come what may.
5.4.1.3. commands or requests (the subject is an indefinite pronoun or the phrase one of you):
Everybody leave the room!
One of you go and tell her to come!
5.4.2. Subjunctive II is used in simple sentences
5.4.2.1. to express a wish which cannot be fulfilled:
If only one had time to think!
"If only there weren't so many other people in the world," he said.
5.4.2.2. to show that something is desirable, advisable, possible, etc. (subjunctive II of modal verbs):
"I must get home!" thought Scarlett. If she could only be transferred by magic to Tara and to safety.
"We'd better get out of the house as soon as possible, Miss. It might fall any minute."
As modal verbs have no past subjunctive II, reference to the past is made by using the perfect infinitive.
"I ought to have told you all this before," I said. "I wish you had," he said, "I might have spared you some worry."
"Practically anyone in the house could have done it."
"Couldn't the signatures have been erased?" "We were all there. It simply couldn't have happened."