- •Alexandrova t.A., Fenova e.A.
- •Verbals. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •The Infinitive
- •The infinitive as a non-finite form of the verb.
- •The morphological characteristics of the infinitive.
- •1.2.1. Aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive do not differ from those of the finite verb.
- •The particle "to" before the infinitive
- •1.3.1. The split infinitive
- •1.4.3. The infinitive is used as an object to verbs expressing:
- •1.4.4. The infinitive used as an attribute immediately follows its head-noun.
- •1.4.5. The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier.
- •1.4.5.1. An adverbial modifier of purpose:
- •1.4.5.2. An adverbial modifier of result or consequence:
- •1.4.5.3. An adverbial modifier of subsequent events:
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with the infinitive
- •1.6.1. The Accusative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
- •Exercises
- •Without the anticipatory it
- •With the anticipatory it
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Infinitive
- •Revision Exercises
- •Participle I
- •2.1. The morphological characteristics.
- •2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.
- •2.3. The functions of participle I.
- •2.3.1. An attribute
- •The Accusative with participle I (complex object)
- •The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
- •The nominative absolute construction with participle I
- •The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
- •3.4. The functions of participle II.
- •3.4.1. An attribute
- •3.4.2. A predicative
- •3.5.6. The prepositional absolute construction.
- •Exercises
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle II.
- •The Gerund
- •The morphological characteristics.
- •The temporal meaning of the gerund.
- •4.8. Some prepositional verbs and phrases used with the gerund.
- •Exercises
- •Gerundial complexes (constructions)
- •The gerund and the infinitive
- •The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
- •Revision exercises on participle and gerund.
- •5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
- •5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
- •5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
- •5.4.2.3. To express advice (a) and preference (b) (subjunctive II in the set phrases had better and would rather):
- •5.4.3. The conditional mood is used in simple sentences
- •5.4.3.1. With implied condition:
- •5.5.1.2.2. It is necessary to point out that when the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian and vice versa.
- •5.5.1.2.3. To express a hardly realizable wish the present tense of subjunctive II of a modal verb may be used in these object clauses.
- •5.5.1.3. Both tenses of subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of comparison. The tenses are used relatively.
- •5.5.1.3.1. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses introduced by as if and as though.
- •5.5.2. Subjunctive II and the conditional mood in complex sentences.
- •5.5.2.1. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition subjunctive II is used in the clause of condition and the conditional mood is used in the principal clause.
- •5.5.2.1.2. Three forms are used in clauses of condition with reference to the future (for details see 5.5.3.4.):
- •5.5.2.2. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of concession the choice of the mood form depends on the conjunction which introduces the subordinate clause.
- •5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
- •5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
- •5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
- •5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
- •The Use of Moods in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
- •The Use of Moods in Complex Sentences Subjunctive II in Complex Sentences
- •Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood in Complex Sentences
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
- •Revision Exercises
- •6.3.6. Incredulity (in negative sentences)
- •Revision exercises on can and may
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Should, ought (to)
- •6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:
- •6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability
- •6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected
- •6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:
- •Exercises.
- •6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
- •6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
- •6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
- •Exercises
- •Revision exercises on modal verbs
- •Literature
- •I. Theoretical sourses
- •II.Fiction and periodicals
- •III. Dictionaries
- •Abbreviations
- •Сontents
- •Александрова т.А., Фенова е.А.
5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
Yesterday a spokeswoman for Lady Thatcher denied that the meeting had been at her request, insisting that she had visited Downing Street "at Mr Blair's invitation": "It is not unusual that he should suggest that they have talks."
"Another thing you'll be told is how to get out of the aeroplane in a hurry, if we need to, right after landing. If that should happen, please act calmly but quickly, and obey instructions given you by any member of the crew."
Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood may be used to express necessity, order, request, suggestion, supposition, purpose, concession, etc.
They suggested that she adopt the baby as her own.
Smiling stewardesses parroted phrases like: "Government regulations require that we inform you." No mention was ever made of urgency, should the equipment be required for use.
I turned away, so that Frith should not see my face.
5.2. Tense distinctions.
Not all the oblique moods can express tense distinctions.
5.2.1. Subjunctive I has no tenses, the same form being used for the present, past of future time. Subjunctive I usually shows that the action of the subordinate clause follows the action of the principal clause, i.e. it expresses time relatively.
Success attend you! Long live King Edmund!
They suggested that she adopt the baby as her own.
"I suggest you move as many people as you can nearer the front (of the aircraft)."
5.2.2. Tense distinctions are expressed by subjunctive II, the suppositional and the conditional moods, which have two tenses: the present and the past.
I wish his grandfather were alive this day!
The small room looked as though it had been visited by a tornado.
"He would never have thought of it but for you."
But I looked away from him so he should not see my face.
5.2.3. Depending on the structure of the sentence the tenses express time relatively or absolutely.
In complex sentences the tenses of subjunctive II, the suppositional and the conditional moods are mostly relative tenses, i.e. they express the time with regard to the action of the verb in the indicative mood in the principal clause.
5.2.3.1. The present tenses show that the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with the action of the principal clause or follows it.
I wished he were less remote.
"I think it's time you got some sleep."
"It's very important, Charles, that I should make you understand this."
5.2.3.2. The past tenses show that the action of the subordinate clause precedes the action of the principal clause.
"Better you than the luckless Robert." "I wish it had been Robert. Mrs. Danvers will never forgive me."
He is thinking about Rebecca, I said to myself. He is thinking how strange it was that a wedding present to me should have been the cause of destroying a wedding present to Rebecca.
5.2.4. In simple sentences and in complex sentences with a clause of condition or concession the tenses of subjunctive II and the conditional mood are absolute tenses, i.e. they serve to refer an action directly to the present, past or future time.
5.2.4.1. The present tenses refer an action to the present or the future.
"If only there weren't so many other people in the world," he said.
But for his pension he would starve.
I should study the pictures in the gallery, Madam, if I were you, especially the one I mentioned.
5.2.4.2. The past tenses refer an action to the past.
You made me wear that dress last night. I should never have thought of it but for you. You did it because you wanted to hurt Mr. de Winter.
As she herself said, she only realized afterwards that even if someone had been crying in those wards the very thick abbey walls would have prevented her hearing it anyway.
"It was in all the New York papers. Did you read about it?" "If I'd read it I'd have called your mother sooner."