- •Alexandrova t.A., Fenova e.A.
- •Verbals. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •The Infinitive
- •The infinitive as a non-finite form of the verb.
- •The morphological characteristics of the infinitive.
- •1.2.1. Aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive do not differ from those of the finite verb.
- •The particle "to" before the infinitive
- •1.3.1. The split infinitive
- •1.4.3. The infinitive is used as an object to verbs expressing:
- •1.4.4. The infinitive used as an attribute immediately follows its head-noun.
- •1.4.5. The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier.
- •1.4.5.1. An adverbial modifier of purpose:
- •1.4.5.2. An adverbial modifier of result or consequence:
- •1.4.5.3. An adverbial modifier of subsequent events:
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with the infinitive
- •1.6.1. The Accusative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
- •Exercises
- •Without the anticipatory it
- •With the anticipatory it
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Infinitive
- •Revision Exercises
- •Participle I
- •2.1. The morphological characteristics.
- •2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.
- •2.3. The functions of participle I.
- •2.3.1. An attribute
- •The Accusative with participle I (complex object)
- •The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
- •The nominative absolute construction with participle I
- •The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
- •3.4. The functions of participle II.
- •3.4.1. An attribute
- •3.4.2. A predicative
- •3.5.6. The prepositional absolute construction.
- •Exercises
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle II.
- •The Gerund
- •The morphological characteristics.
- •The temporal meaning of the gerund.
- •4.8. Some prepositional verbs and phrases used with the gerund.
- •Exercises
- •Gerundial complexes (constructions)
- •The gerund and the infinitive
- •The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
- •Revision exercises on participle and gerund.
- •5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
- •5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
- •5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
- •5.4.2.3. To express advice (a) and preference (b) (subjunctive II in the set phrases had better and would rather):
- •5.4.3. The conditional mood is used in simple sentences
- •5.4.3.1. With implied condition:
- •5.5.1.2.2. It is necessary to point out that when the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian and vice versa.
- •5.5.1.2.3. To express a hardly realizable wish the present tense of subjunctive II of a modal verb may be used in these object clauses.
- •5.5.1.3. Both tenses of subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of comparison. The tenses are used relatively.
- •5.5.1.3.1. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses introduced by as if and as though.
- •5.5.2. Subjunctive II and the conditional mood in complex sentences.
- •5.5.2.1. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition subjunctive II is used in the clause of condition and the conditional mood is used in the principal clause.
- •5.5.2.1.2. Three forms are used in clauses of condition with reference to the future (for details see 5.5.3.4.):
- •5.5.2.2. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of concession the choice of the mood form depends on the conjunction which introduces the subordinate clause.
- •5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
- •5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
- •5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
- •5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
- •The Use of Moods in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
- •The Use of Moods in Complex Sentences Subjunctive II in Complex Sentences
- •Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood in Complex Sentences
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
- •Revision Exercises
- •6.3.6. Incredulity (in negative sentences)
- •Revision exercises on can and may
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Should, ought (to)
- •6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:
- •6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability
- •6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected
- •6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:
- •Exercises.
- •6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
- •6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
- •6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
- •Exercises
- •Revision exercises on modal verbs
- •Literature
- •I. Theoretical sourses
- •II.Fiction and periodicals
- •III. Dictionaries
- •Abbreviations
- •Сontents
- •Александрова т.А., Фенова е.А.
The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
Exercise 21. Find gerunds, participles I, verbal nouns and analyse their functions.
1. Other researchers pointed out that the ability for analogical reasoning exists even in preschool children. (E.J.) 2. Our major research needs are in the area of better understanding of the nature of development of giftedness and talent to guide our arranging of the conditions by which potential for outstanding performance is recognized, nurtured and realized. (E.J.) 3. She asked him what he was doing at the moment. Briefly he told her, mentioning his intention to try to track down the missing Edward Roschmann. (F.F.) 4. Then, not quite knowing why, he picked up the telephone again and dialed home. (A.H.) 5. The constant bickering and bantering of the Donnallys somehow amused him. (D.S.) 6. After ten minutes' active crawling I found myself in the heart of the forest. (S.L.) 7. Pascale and Robert chatted about the opening of the ballet. (D.S.) 8. We were on the point of making tracks for home. 9. Learning all this, Carlo grew confident. He was perfectly safe. (M.P.) 10. Sometime in March or April, when the fruit-preserving and jam-making are done with, Helen can take the child to Sydney. (M.F.) 11. Howard Cummings was a genius in the soothing of ruffled feelings, and the handling of people in general. (A.M.L.) 12. He did not see Sonny's car coming the opposite way towards his house. (M.P.) 13. America and Israel have both threatened not to have any dealings with any government not headed by Mr. Abbas. (D.T.) 14. In this approach thinking is regarded as an intellectual process. (E.J.) 15. It (the family) still remains a primary agent in developing the potential of the child. (E.J.) 16. Analogical reasoning is an important link in the thinking process. (E.J.) 17. She was silent for a minute or two, trying to discover the truth as it was in her own heart, before replying. (E.G.)
Exercise 22. Instructions as for 21.
1. She was startled by hearing Nicholas speak behind her. (E.G.) 2. The six survivors were standing around rather awkwardly, not talking, when Talbot and Van Gelder reached the wardroom. (A.M.L.) 3. They've finished cross-checking the finger-prints on the bodies of the victims. (S.Sh.) 4. I seemed to see her falling down. (S.M.) 5. I did not come here with a view of eavesdropping. (M.F.) 6. The beauty of the full-toned piano, and Everald's clever and sympathetic accompanying, caused me to forget my audience. (M.F.) 7. When traveling down Groton street, you've got to be very careful or else you'll miss the turn off into our place. (E.S.) 8. My father has a way of disparaging me even while uttering laudatory phrases. (E.S.) 9. He loved talking business with anyone who'd indulge him. (D.S.) 10. We turned in disguct from the idea of having to drink this water. (M.F.) 11. Now I saw that I was mistaken in thinking of myself as an object in a dead landscape. (C.W.) 12. Obeying Sophia's imperious wave of the head I hurried after Taverner. (A.Chr.) 13. Neville gave up the idea of getting rid of his nemesis. (J.L.) 14. The markings on his (the dog's) back were perfect. (S.L.) 15. You were a ballerina, which isn't so different from being an actress after all. (D.S.) 16. A car came roaring down the street and Michael was instantly alert. (M.P.) 17. Reaching over Danny's shoulder, Mel picked up a direct line phone to Air Traffic Control. (A.H.) 18. A depression in the centre of the mattress indicated where the missing invalid had lain. (E.L.) 19. According to Christian teachings, marriage is a free union of a man and woman blessed by God. (D.T.) 20. Perkins will continue to work for the BBC on a free-lance basis – including, occasionally, reading the news on the "Today" programme. (D.T.)