- •Alexandrova t.A., Fenova e.A.
- •Verbals. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •The Infinitive
- •The infinitive as a non-finite form of the verb.
- •The morphological characteristics of the infinitive.
- •1.2.1. Aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive do not differ from those of the finite verb.
- •The particle "to" before the infinitive
- •1.3.1. The split infinitive
- •1.4.3. The infinitive is used as an object to verbs expressing:
- •1.4.4. The infinitive used as an attribute immediately follows its head-noun.
- •1.4.5. The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier.
- •1.4.5.1. An adverbial modifier of purpose:
- •1.4.5.2. An adverbial modifier of result or consequence:
- •1.4.5.3. An adverbial modifier of subsequent events:
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with the infinitive
- •1.6.1. The Accusative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
- •Exercises
- •Without the anticipatory it
- •With the anticipatory it
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Infinitive
- •Revision Exercises
- •Participle I
- •2.1. The morphological characteristics.
- •2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.
- •2.3. The functions of participle I.
- •2.3.1. An attribute
- •The Accusative with participle I (complex object)
- •The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
- •The nominative absolute construction with participle I
- •The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
- •3.4. The functions of participle II.
- •3.4.1. An attribute
- •3.4.2. A predicative
- •3.5.6. The prepositional absolute construction.
- •Exercises
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle II.
- •The Gerund
- •The morphological characteristics.
- •The temporal meaning of the gerund.
- •4.8. Some prepositional verbs and phrases used with the gerund.
- •Exercises
- •Gerundial complexes (constructions)
- •The gerund and the infinitive
- •The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
- •Revision exercises on participle and gerund.
- •5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
- •5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
- •5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
- •5.4.2.3. To express advice (a) and preference (b) (subjunctive II in the set phrases had better and would rather):
- •5.4.3. The conditional mood is used in simple sentences
- •5.4.3.1. With implied condition:
- •5.5.1.2.2. It is necessary to point out that when the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian and vice versa.
- •5.5.1.2.3. To express a hardly realizable wish the present tense of subjunctive II of a modal verb may be used in these object clauses.
- •5.5.1.3. Both tenses of subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of comparison. The tenses are used relatively.
- •5.5.1.3.1. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses introduced by as if and as though.
- •5.5.2. Subjunctive II and the conditional mood in complex sentences.
- •5.5.2.1. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition subjunctive II is used in the clause of condition and the conditional mood is used in the principal clause.
- •5.5.2.1.2. Three forms are used in clauses of condition with reference to the future (for details see 5.5.3.4.):
- •5.5.2.2. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of concession the choice of the mood form depends on the conjunction which introduces the subordinate clause.
- •5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
- •5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
- •5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
- •5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
- •The Use of Moods in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
- •The Use of Moods in Complex Sentences Subjunctive II in Complex Sentences
- •Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood in Complex Sentences
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
- •Revision Exercises
- •6.3.6. Incredulity (in negative sentences)
- •Revision exercises on can and may
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Should, ought (to)
- •6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:
- •6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability
- •6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected
- •6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:
- •Exercises.
- •6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
- •6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
- •6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
- •Exercises
- •Revision exercises on modal verbs
- •Literature
- •I. Theoretical sourses
- •II.Fiction and periodicals
- •III. Dictionaries
- •Abbreviations
- •Сontents
- •Александрова т.А., Фенова е.А.
The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
Exercise 21. Translate into Russian paying attention to the use of absolute constructions.
1. "These big gates," said Beverly-Jones as he showed Poppleton round the place with me trailing beside them, "we only put up this year." (S.L.) 2. I remember … a charming Renoir of a young girl in profile with long yellow hair hanging down her back. (S.M.) 3. It is as well that Lady Bolingbroke lies at last in piece in that beautiful church, with the sun pouring down on her through the splendid Brangwyn east window. (K.B.P.) 4. He left with Felt dogging him to talk more of nuitrition. (E.S.) 5. With Egan Jeffers watching, Mel crossed to the car-rental booth. (A.H.) 6. Then I turned and looked again at the grey desolation of the street with the asbestos figures moving here and there. (S.L.) 7. If this were an American film it would be in the inspirational "Stand and Deliver" genre, with the kids winning the calculus contest at the end. (H.B.) 8. Her new film, "Me, Let's Hope I Make it" is similar to a ghetto drama, with the teacher taking the kids off the street and getting them into the class-room. (H.B.) 9. When we got under the colonnade, Mr. Kenge left us in the fog, with the Lord Chancellor's carriage and servants waiting for him to come out. (Ch.D.) 10. They both looked up when I came in, and I saw in the young lady, with the fire shining upon her, such a beautiful girl! (Ch.D.) 11. All four of them chatted animatedly about the house once they were in the car, with Marius following in the truck with their bags. (D.S.) 12. The rest of the week rolled by, with them all eating dinner at home. (D.S.) 13. They'd already agreed between the two of them that with Neville getting him (Duncan), it was only fair that Archie get his firstborn. (J.L.) 14. With his bodyguards wielding assault rifles he (Mr.Abbas) was hustled through a crowd of demonstrators. (D.T.) 15.Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there was a wonderful range of mountains. (M.Swan) 16. Coming out of the blue as it (the suggestion) did, I did not quite know how to reply to such a suggestion. (K.I.) 17. Now, seeing each other for the first time – Neville had paused in the doorway and moved no further. (J.L.) 18. Looking back, it sometimes occurred to her that if they had understood each other's point of view better in the beginning, they might have compromised. (A.H.) 19. While warming my fingers at the fire my eyes were arrested by a beautiful portrait hanging above the mantelpiece. (M.F.) 20. Being almost full grown when we started to milk, and then plunging heavily into the exercise, it had a painful effect upon us. (M.F.)
Exercise 22. Make up absolute constructions introduced by "with" from the words in brackets.
1. And that had been a disaster, with (Tracy, to cry, and then, her father, to cry). 2. But with (the snow, to fall, steadily), it was entirely impossible to find a taxi. 3. There are great trees with (their branches, to stretch long and level, and, to make a deep shade) even at noon. 4. Agathe hummed to herself, with (one of her puddles, to prance, behind her). 5. This is a hell of a Christmas, with (my family, to expect me) home an hour ago. 6. He was sitting up in bed, with (a bright overhead light, to illuminate) a crimson nightcap. 7. And then, with (his hand, to jerk), he gave me a wicked newspaper to read. 8. The wage gap between men and women is also narrowing with (women's average salaries, to rise faster) than men's.
Participle II
3.1. The morphological characteristics.
Participle II is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal, adjectival and adverbial character. It has only one form:
to study – studied; to write – written.
3.2. The grammatical meaning of participle II.
Participle II formed from a transitive verb has a passive meaning:
to make – made (сделанный); to write – written (написанный).
Participle II formed from an intransitive verb has an active meaning:
to go – gone (ушедший); to fall – fallen (упавший).
3.3. The temporal meaning of participle II.
Participles formed from transitive durative verbs usually denote actions simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb:
Accompanied by his friends, he was walking in the park.
Sometimes such participles express priority:
I remember the portrait seen in the gallery.
Participles formed from transitive terminative verbs denote states resulting from a previously accomplished action. This state is simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb:
Left alone, she began to tidy up the room.
Participles formed from intransitive verbs usually denote an action preceding that of the finite verb:
The fallen leaves thickly covered the path.