- •Alexandrova t.A., Fenova e.A.
- •Verbals. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •The Infinitive
- •The infinitive as a non-finite form of the verb.
- •The morphological characteristics of the infinitive.
- •1.2.1. Aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive do not differ from those of the finite verb.
- •The particle "to" before the infinitive
- •1.3.1. The split infinitive
- •1.4.3. The infinitive is used as an object to verbs expressing:
- •1.4.4. The infinitive used as an attribute immediately follows its head-noun.
- •1.4.5. The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier.
- •1.4.5.1. An adverbial modifier of purpose:
- •1.4.5.2. An adverbial modifier of result or consequence:
- •1.4.5.3. An adverbial modifier of subsequent events:
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with the infinitive
- •1.6.1. The Accusative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
- •Exercises
- •Without the anticipatory it
- •With the anticipatory it
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Infinitive
- •Revision Exercises
- •Participle I
- •2.1. The morphological characteristics.
- •2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.
- •2.3. The functions of participle I.
- •2.3.1. An attribute
- •The Accusative with participle I (complex object)
- •The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
- •The nominative absolute construction with participle I
- •The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
- •3.4. The functions of participle II.
- •3.4.1. An attribute
- •3.4.2. A predicative
- •3.5.6. The prepositional absolute construction.
- •Exercises
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle II.
- •The Gerund
- •The morphological characteristics.
- •The temporal meaning of the gerund.
- •4.8. Some prepositional verbs and phrases used with the gerund.
- •Exercises
- •Gerundial complexes (constructions)
- •The gerund and the infinitive
- •The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
- •Revision exercises on participle and gerund.
- •5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
- •5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
- •5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
- •5.4.2.3. To express advice (a) and preference (b) (subjunctive II in the set phrases had better and would rather):
- •5.4.3. The conditional mood is used in simple sentences
- •5.4.3.1. With implied condition:
- •5.5.1.2.2. It is necessary to point out that when the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian and vice versa.
- •5.5.1.2.3. To express a hardly realizable wish the present tense of subjunctive II of a modal verb may be used in these object clauses.
- •5.5.1.3. Both tenses of subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of comparison. The tenses are used relatively.
- •5.5.1.3.1. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses introduced by as if and as though.
- •5.5.2. Subjunctive II and the conditional mood in complex sentences.
- •5.5.2.1. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition subjunctive II is used in the clause of condition and the conditional mood is used in the principal clause.
- •5.5.2.1.2. Three forms are used in clauses of condition with reference to the future (for details see 5.5.3.4.):
- •5.5.2.2. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of concession the choice of the mood form depends on the conjunction which introduces the subordinate clause.
- •5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
- •5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
- •5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
- •5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
- •The Use of Moods in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
- •The Use of Moods in Complex Sentences Subjunctive II in Complex Sentences
- •Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood in Complex Sentences
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
- •Revision Exercises
- •6.3.6. Incredulity (in negative sentences)
- •Revision exercises on can and may
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Should, ought (to)
- •6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:
- •6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability
- •6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected
- •6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:
- •Exercises.
- •6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
- •6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
- •6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
- •Exercises
- •Revision exercises on modal verbs
- •Literature
- •I. Theoretical sourses
- •II.Fiction and periodicals
- •III. Dictionaries
- •Abbreviations
- •Сontents
- •Александрова т.А., Фенова е.А.
The nominative absolute construction with participle I
Exercise 18. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of the nominative absolute construction.
1. I gathered them (the spirits) all in and talked to them, all and severally, the payment, a merely nominal matter, being made, pro forma, in advance. (S.L.) 2. … the house was demolished, many of its stones being taken away by the fifth Earl of Abington to rebuild Wytham Church. (K.B.P.) 3. The girls ate with repulsion, Lucille bravely bearing up, Yvette's tender nose showing her disgust… (D.H.L.) 4. The last year of his life was uneventful; his health not being good he set out for Kenilworth, disconsolate and disillusioned. (K.B.P.) 5. Worse was to come with the news that the gentleman had brought no valet, his usual man having fallen ill. (K.I.) 6. This august building was hardly difficult for me to locate, its looming spire being ever visible wherever one goes in Salisbury. (K.I.) 7. For long moments they ate in silence, his lordship in particular seeming very far away. (K.I.) 8. We exchanged a few pleasantries as we climbed a narrow road between tall trees, he inquiring after how I had slept at the Taylors and so forth. (K.I.) 9. He still transferred his establishment to his apartment in Paris for three months in the autumn and for May and June, these being the periods when the Riviera was deserted by Elliott's friends. (S.M.) 10.Herr Ribbentrop not being expected for a further hour or so, his lordship had suggested to his guests a tour of Darlington Hall. (K.I.) 11. Pat nodded, his eyes glistening. (F.S.F.) 12. London and Paris being now what they are, I'm really more at home on the Riviera. (S.M.) 13. On the other hand, Sunday having intervened, and the household being in a state of chaos, it is likely that the burglary was committed on the Saturday and remained undetected until Monday. (A.Chr.) 14. D.O.Guerrero died instantly, his body disintegrating utterly. The aircraft fuselage blew open. (A.H.) 15. Suddenly she popped out from behind a bush, her face swathed in a scarf, only her eyes showing. (E.S.) 16. The authorities having arrived and taken the seats reserved for them, the ceremony began. (R.W.Zandvoort)
Exercise 19. Find the nominative absolute construction with participle I and analyse its functions.
1. The car almost stopped. Michael peered to see the faces inside, his body flinching involuntarily. (M.F.) 2. The malady is rather mental than bodily, the mind of the patient being racked by a keen sense of indignity and a feeling of unworthiness. (S.L.) 3. She looked at me, her mouth working. She looked sullen and frightened and angry. (A.Chr.) 4. He was fifty-six, and left a daughter, his only son having predeceased him while still at Westminster School. (K.B.P.) 5. How Alexander wept he had no more worlds to conquer, everybody knows – or has some reason to know by this time, the matter having been rather frequently mentioned. (Ch.D.) 6. Jane disliked Possum Gully as much as I did. Her feeling being much more defined, it was amusing to hear the flat-out opinions she expressed to Mr.Blackshaw. (M.F.) 7. The weather being cold and wet, I preferred being inside the box. (M.F.) 8. My identity being thus established, the young gentleman with the greatest of courtesy assisted me to alight. (M.F.) 9. She loved music and wanted to be a singer. Reduced family circumstances making this impossible, she turned her attention to my writing. (M.F.) 10. "You are a monster!" she said, green eyes blazing at him. (D.S.) 11. It was nearly eight-thirty, a record of punctuality for the Donnallys, who typically would arrive late, and blame each other of it, each one insisting vehemently that it was the other's fault. (D.S.) 12. "Ahh!" she said, sparks darting from her eyes, as she glared at her husband. (D.S.) 13. "Uncle Elliott, can Larry come to lunch tomorrow?" cried Isabel, her arm in the young man's, her face eager and her eyes shining. (S.M.) 14. He looked at me for a long moment, his face slowly darkening. (A.M.L.)
Exercise 20. Translate into Russian using the nominative absolute with participle I where possible.
1. Я никому не буду давать своих книг, т.к. несколько из них уже потеряны. 2. В комнате было очень душно, поэтому они решили обедать в саду. 3. Когда все расселись по своим местам, поднялся занавес. 4. Так как миссис Блэк была неприветливой и скупой, ее никто не любил. 5. День был теплый и солнечный, и мы пошли на речку купаться и загорать. 6. Дверь была открыта, и он хорошо слышал, о чем они говорили. 7. Так как все устали и проголодались, было решено пойти в ближайшую гостиницу и остановиться там на ночь. 8. Он заснул, а окно оставалось открытым. 9. Если погода позволит, завтра мы пойдем на рыбалку. 10. Так как терять было нечего, они решили рискнуть. 11. Когда письмо было написано и отправлено, он почувствовал облегчение. 12. Так как его жена была очень непрактичной, он сам покупал все необходимое. 13. Когда все было обсуждено, собрание закончилось. 14. Солнце село, и начало быстро темнеть. 15. Его видели с ней несколько раз, так что бесполезно было притворяться, что они не знают друг друга. 16. Все торопились, так как времени оставалось мало. 17. Вопрос был очень труден, и он долго думал, прежде чем ответить.