- •Alexandrova t.A., Fenova e.A.
- •Verbals. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •The Infinitive
- •The infinitive as a non-finite form of the verb.
- •The morphological characteristics of the infinitive.
- •1.2.1. Aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive do not differ from those of the finite verb.
- •The particle "to" before the infinitive
- •1.3.1. The split infinitive
- •1.4.3. The infinitive is used as an object to verbs expressing:
- •1.4.4. The infinitive used as an attribute immediately follows its head-noun.
- •1.4.5. The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier.
- •1.4.5.1. An adverbial modifier of purpose:
- •1.4.5.2. An adverbial modifier of result or consequence:
- •1.4.5.3. An adverbial modifier of subsequent events:
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with the infinitive
- •1.6.1. The Accusative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
- •Exercises
- •Without the anticipatory it
- •With the anticipatory it
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Infinitive
- •Revision Exercises
- •Participle I
- •2.1. The morphological characteristics.
- •2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.
- •2.3. The functions of participle I.
- •2.3.1. An attribute
- •The Accusative with participle I (complex object)
- •The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
- •The nominative absolute construction with participle I
- •The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
- •3.4. The functions of participle II.
- •3.4.1. An attribute
- •3.4.2. A predicative
- •3.5.6. The prepositional absolute construction.
- •Exercises
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle II.
- •The Gerund
- •The morphological characteristics.
- •The temporal meaning of the gerund.
- •4.8. Some prepositional verbs and phrases used with the gerund.
- •Exercises
- •Gerundial complexes (constructions)
- •The gerund and the infinitive
- •The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
- •Revision exercises on participle and gerund.
- •5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
- •5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
- •5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
- •5.4.2.3. To express advice (a) and preference (b) (subjunctive II in the set phrases had better and would rather):
- •5.4.3. The conditional mood is used in simple sentences
- •5.4.3.1. With implied condition:
- •5.5.1.2.2. It is necessary to point out that when the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian and vice versa.
- •5.5.1.2.3. To express a hardly realizable wish the present tense of subjunctive II of a modal verb may be used in these object clauses.
- •5.5.1.3. Both tenses of subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of comparison. The tenses are used relatively.
- •5.5.1.3.1. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses introduced by as if and as though.
- •5.5.2. Subjunctive II and the conditional mood in complex sentences.
- •5.5.2.1. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition subjunctive II is used in the clause of condition and the conditional mood is used in the principal clause.
- •5.5.2.1.2. Three forms are used in clauses of condition with reference to the future (for details see 5.5.3.4.):
- •5.5.2.2. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of concession the choice of the mood form depends on the conjunction which introduces the subordinate clause.
- •5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
- •5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
- •5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
- •5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
- •The Use of Moods in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
- •The Use of Moods in Complex Sentences Subjunctive II in Complex Sentences
- •Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood in Complex Sentences
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
- •Revision Exercises
- •6.3.6. Incredulity (in negative sentences)
- •Revision exercises on can and may
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Should, ought (to)
- •6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:
- •6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability
- •6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected
- •6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:
- •Exercises.
- •6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
- •6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
- •6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
- •Exercises
- •Revision exercises on modal verbs
- •Literature
- •I. Theoretical sourses
- •II.Fiction and periodicals
- •III. Dictionaries
- •Abbreviations
- •Сontents
- •Александрова т.А., Фенова е.А.
The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
Exercise 15. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of the nominative with participle I.
1. Diana adores city life and is seen on the streets of London shopping at street markets or lunching with friends, visiting ordinary Londoners or popping into hospitals. (N.I.) 2. Those virtues which characterize the young English gentlewoman will not be found wanting in the amiable Miss Sedley. (W.Th.) 3. Who was this unknown boy who causes the evil haunting by his supposed mother, who has often been heard bitterly and hysterically sobbing? (K.B.P.) 4. The author says Mrs Kennedy can now often be found viewing documentaries about the family that have been "heavily edited", with all "tragedies cut out." (People) 5. Long before this Lady Hoby's ghost began to haunt the abbey. She is always seen gliding rather than walking. (K.B.P.) 6. My father could be seen standing by those four stone steps, deep in thought. (K.I.) 7. He'd been caught cheating at cards. They warned me against playing with him. (S.M.) 8. He cannot be seen casting it (his role) aside one moment simply to don it again the next as though it were nothing more than a pantomime costume. (K.I.) 9. True to his word the negro spirit began to rebel. Terrifying screams were heard coming from his grave so that no one dared go near the churchyard. (K.B.P.) 10. The boots of Albert could be heard racing upstairs. (A.Chr.) 11. If you are caught smoking you'll be punished. 12. He could be heard laughing and sneezing all the way down the stairs. 13. They were seen standing outside the drawing-room windows. 14. More vehicles could be heard arriving at the door. 15. The girl was found crying bitterly over the broken toy. 16. You won't be kept waiting there.
Exercise 16. Paraphrase the sentences using complex subjects instead of complex objects where possible.
Model. I heard him going downstairs. – He was heard going downstairs.
1. I saw him walking briskly in the rain without a raincoat and an umbrella. 2. He felt the sun getting hotter. 3. They have seen you walking with her along the street. 4. We found him sleeping on the sofa with an open book on his face. 5. The photograph was taken. I could see the machine still staggering from the shock. 6. I could feel my senses leaving me. 7. We've all kept things rolling for a long time. 8. I see Beverly-Jones hurriedly approaching from the house. 9. We found Miss Jellyby trying to warm herself at the fire in the writing-room. 10. Within seconds I could see her attention drifting again. 11. She had all the officers on the ship climbing the walls. (A.M.L.) 12. I heard him calling to me from the top of the stairs. 13. We left her toiling at home. 14. If I ever catch you getting in such a mess as that again I'll never take you anywhere. (S.L.) 15. As I went out I seemed to hear his voice still saying, "and nothing today in shirtlings?" (S.L.) 16. I have to admit it I found them disappointing. 17. The rise of a new breed of American glossy gossip weeklies has left even the sweet and saintly Paltrow spitting with rage. (D.T.) 18. They heard me speaking German to another boy.
Exercise 17. Translate the sentences into English using participle I or the infinitive in the appropriate form in complex subjects.
1. Полагают, что они уже давно развелись и не живут вместе. (to suppose) 2. Нас оставили, когда мы смотрели этот фильм. 3. От нее не ожидали, что она ответит на этот вопрос. 4. Предполагается, что я должен помочь вам готовиться к экзамену. (to suppose) 5. Слышали, как он подробно описывал случившееся. 6. Тебя заставят согласиться на это предложение. 7. Его нашли ожидающим кого-то у входа в театр. 8. Сообщается, что рабочие продолжают забастовку. 9. Известно, что она написала несколько детективов, которые пользуются успехом. (to know) 10. Считают, что он – опытный хирург. 11. Если снова попадешься на краже чего-либо, тебя посадят в тюрьму. (to catch) 12. Видели, как он сердито повернулся и пошел к выходу. 13. Казалось, что все уже забыто. 14. Видели, как он быстро вел машину по направлению к центру города. 15. Думают, что пьеса провалилась. (to think) 16. Я случайно познакомился с ним на одной вечеринке. 17. Бабушку нашли спящей в кресле, с вязаньем на коленях. 18. Почему нас заставляют ждать? 19. Кажется, он не услышал моего вопроса. 20. Пожалуй, он нас не поймет. (to be likely)