Participle I

2.1. The morphological characteristics.

Participle I is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal, adjectival and adverbial character.

Participle I has the following forms:

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	writing	being written
Perfect	having written	having been written

2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.

Participle I indefinite active of durative verbs expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb:

Knowing him well, I can understand why he behaves so.

Participle I indefinite active of terminative verbs and verbs of sense perception may express both simultaneousness and priority:

Coming down slowly she counted the steps. (simultaneousness)

Seeing her for the first time he was struck by her beauty. (simultaneousness)

Coming into the room she sat down near me. (priority)

Seeing us he turned away quickly. (priority)

To stress simultaneousness the conjunctions when and while are used:

When (while) reading the letter she smiled happily.

Participle I indefinite passive may also express simultaneousness and priority:

Being asked this question he only shrugged his shoulders. (priority)

Being examined carefully by the doctor she felt nervous. (simultaneousness)

Participle I perfect active and passive always expresses priority:

Having learned the news he left.

Having been informed of their arrival, we decided to visit them.

2.3. The functions of participle I.

Participle I may have different syntactic functions; it is used as:

2.3.1. An attribute

The boys playing football made a lot of noise.

The question being discussed now is of no interest to me.

Note 1. Participle I perfect is never used in the function of an attribute. To translate the Russian perfective participle an attributive clause must be used:

Я не знаю человека, принесшего записку.

I don't know the man who has brought the message.

Note 2. Some participles I used attributively and predicatively have practically turned into adjectives. They can be modified by the adverbs too, very, extremely, etc.:

This story is too boring to listen to.

R.A.Close gives a list of such participles: amazing, amusing, astonishing, charming, comforting, disturbing, embarrassing, exciting, frightening, lasting, pleasing, shocking, and some others.

2.3.2. an adverbial modifier of

2.3.2.1. time

Reaching the bank he lay down on the warm sand.

2.3.2.2. cause

Finding nobody in he went away.

Note. Participle I of the verb to be is always an adverbial modifier of cause:

Being a clever boy, he understood everything.

To express a temporal meaning when + noun or a clause must be used: When a boy, When he was a boy…

2.3.2.3. comparison

He stopped as if not knowing how to continue his speech.

2.3.2.4. concession

Though understanding nothing, he pretended to be listening carefully.

2.3.2.5. manner or attendant circumstances

He entered the room carrying a big bouquet of roses.

Note. In the negative form if the action is not logically expected not + participle is used:

He sat thoughtfully in the arm-chair, not noticing anything around.

If the action is logically expected without + gerund is used:

He passed us without greeting.

2.3.2.6. an adverbial modifier of subsequent events

They went to the river, returning late at night.

2.3.3. a predicative

Both remained standing.

2.3.4. Participle I indefinite of verbs expressing motion combined with the verb to come forms a compound verbal predicate

The children came running into the room.

2.3.5. parenthesis in such phrases as generally speaking, judging by (from), putting it mildly, etc.

Judging by their behaviour they don't know anything yet.

2.4. Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle I.

In predicative constructions the relations between the nominal element (a noun or a pronoun) and the participle are those of secondary subject and secondary predicate.

2.4.1. The accusative with participle I.

This construction has the function of a complex object. It is used with verbs:

2.4.1.1. of physical perception (to see, to hear, to observe, to watch, to look at, to listen to, etc.)

We heard them quarrelling loudly in the next room.

Note. The infinitive in this construction denotes:

1. an action as a fact

Have you ever heard her sing?

2. a short action

I saw him drop the ball.

3. a completed action

We saw the car disappear in the distance.

Participle I denotes an action in progress:

We watched them approaching us.

2.4.1.2. of causative meaning (to have, to get, to keep, to set, to start):

I'll have you speaking English in six months. (L.G.Alexander)

I won't have you speaking like that about your father. (L.G.Alexander)

She finally got the television working. (Combinatory Dictionary)

What started them drinking? (Combinatory Dictionary)

2.4.1.3. to want, to like:

I want them singing in tune! (Combinatory Dictionary)

I don't like you telling lies.

2.4.1.4 to discover, to find, to catch, to leave:

We caught him stealing. (Combinatory Dictionary)

I left them still discussing this problem.

2.4.2. The nominative with participle I.

This construction has the function of a complex subject. It is used with verbs of physical perception and also with verbs to find, to catch, to keep, to leave:

They were seen walking to the river.

Why were they kept waiting so long?

2.4.3. The nominative absolute construction with participle I.

This construction has the functions of:

2.4.3.1. an adverbial modifier of

1. time

This having been (being) done, he decided to have a rest.

2. cause

It being late, they decided to return home.

3. condition (with the participles permitting, failing):

Weather permitting, we'll start tomorrow.

Negotiations failing, some other measures will be taken.

4. manner or attendant circumstances:

He walked quickly, I following him silently.

2.4.4. The absolute construction with participle I introduced by with.

This construction has the functions of:

2.4.4.1. an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances:

With the moon rising, he could see clearly everything around.

2.4.4.2. an attribute:

They saw a lake, with high fir-trees growing around it.

2.4.5. The absolute construction with participle I.

This construction has no subject of its own and is not connected with any member of the sentence. It has an adverbial meaning and is used very rarely. (Some grammarians think it incorrect to use this construction.). M.Swan calls such constructions “misrelated participles”:

Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there was a wonderful range of mountains.

Exercises

Exercise I. Find participle I and analyse its forms. Replace the construction with participle I by a clause where possible.

1. She finally related how she had been first woken by her clock being smashed to fragments in the fireplace. (K.B.P.) 2. Having enjoyed a good morning's motoring in splendid weather, and having lunched well at a country inn, I had just crossed the border into Dorset. (K.I.) 3. But when having finished I switched it. (the electric light) off again, I could see early daylight at the edges of the curtain. (K.I.) 4. When I returned to the drawing-room a clergyman was talking about the hardships being suffered by children in Berlin. (K.I.) 5. Having been brought up in the belief that pleasures are sinful, he now leads an ascetic life. (B.D.Graver) 6. "What a good idea," he said, drawing on his cigar again, having just relit it. (D.S.) 7. Having heard much of him I was curious to see him. (M.F.) 8. Robert stood sipping his champagne with a look of admiration at his wife. (D.S.) 9. Pascale continued to stare at the woman, trying unconsciously to determine her age. (D.S.) 10. And having passed the gates at full speed, she drove on. (D.S.) 11. Mrs. Bradley, raising her eyebrows, without speaking gave him a look which he was too quick-witted not to understand. (S.M.) 12. It would be manifest in due course whether Larry, having had his fling, was prepared to accept the responsibilities of life. (S.M.) 13. When departing he bade me a kindly good-bye. (M.F.) 14. An agreement has been signed to protect the forests being cut down all over the world. (M.Hewings) 15. Having delivered this retort, I returned to the house, leaving him standing there looking the fool he was. (M.F.)

Exercise 2. Instructions as for 1.

1. Having been so pleased with Ophelia Reid, Neville was understandably annoyed and wanting to know what had happened to ruin more than a year's efforts in finding the perfect bride. (J.L.) 2. Having just come in from his ride, he was still wearing the clothes he'd donned for Neville's benefit. (J.L.) 3. Even the dog died, having been given the craps. (J.L.) 4. Sally Field, playing Jump's futsy, zealous mother, has perfect timing for the comedy of blind – and blinding – love. (H.B.) 5. Growing up in the '50s, Sally Belfrage led a life that brimmed with the kind of adolescent anguish that plaques most American girls. (H.B.) 6. Addressing him by the name of Guppy, Mr.Kenge inquired whether Miss Summerson's boxes and the rest of the baggage had been "sent round". (Ch.D.) 7. After a few minutes, having made a date to take them to dine and see a play, I left. (S.M.) 8. By the time the gentlemen were lighting their cigars, some of the speculations being offered appeared to be as intimate as those exchanged prior to Mr. Lewis’s arrival. (K.I.) 9. But having met her now for the first time, he was not displeased. (J.L.) 10. The children being moved to another school have learning difficulties. (M.Hewings) 11. He sat gazing out of the other window, and took no notice of me. (Ch.D.) 12. And two of the kitchen maids, having had only a small taste of it, had been severely cramped as well. (J.L.) 13.The twinkling eyes seemed to hold mine. (A.Chr.) 14. Runway three zero was out of use, blocked by an Aereo-Mexican jet – Boeing 707. Now, Aereo-Mexican, having exhausted its own local resources, had appealed to TWA for help. (A.H.)

Exercise 3. Say what actions are expressed by participle I – simultaneous with or prior to the actions expressed by the predicate verbs. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. He spent years burrowing away in the library of the British museums. (S.M.) 2. Having made this announcement, my employer put his volumes down on the table. (K.I.) 3. Feeling I had been inadequate, I tried to say at least some small thing that would give her comfort. (S.M.) 4. Sensing none of their malevolent thoughts about her, Gwen sat down at the table with them. (D.S.) 5. I saw her two or three times after that, but only when the other people were present and then, having had enough of London for a while, I set off for the Tyrol. (S.M.) 6. Am I really a traitor to my country because I want to spend a few years educating myself? (S.M.) 7. When she appeared, he closed the door and, putting a cigarette into an immensely long agate holder, lit it and sat down. (S.M.) 8. "Bore me with no more such trash," I said, turning away in disgust. (M.F.) 9. I stood on the garden fence waving my handkerchief until the buggy passed out of sight. (M.F.) 10. I collected a number of roses and, filling them with water, set them on a table in the veranda. (M.F.) 11. Recovering her self-assurance, she gave him a brilliant smile. (S.M.) 12. Having been warned that bad weather lay ahead, the ship's captain changed course. (B.D.Graver) 13. Some people find great difficulty in saying good-bye when making a call or spending the evening. (S.L.) 14. She entered the house at the back, and finding the servants' stairs, made it up to her room. (J.L.) 15. He stood up, surprising her that he wasn't just big, but very tall as well. (J.L.) 16. Duncan, finding no chair in the room that looked like it wouldn't shatter if he even glanced at it, moved to stand in front of the fire-place. (J.L.) 17. Again, she saw the admiring glances of recognition on people's faces. (S.Sh.)

Exercise 4. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of participle I active or passive.

1. I turned back to my business, but Miss Kenton remained in the doorway (to observe) me. 2. Then (to seize) what seemed a suitable moment, I rose to my feet. 3. I quickly lowered the wick. (To do) this, I noticed all the more the effect of the pale light (to come) into the room. 4. He put his head into his wife's boudoir, (to say) that he was going to stroll down to the village. 5. (To ask) of her opinion she only blushed. 6. "Ah, there's someone (to come). I expect that's the doctor at last." 7. The English peeresses, (to lose) the lords, had been forced to surrender their mansions to daughters-in-law. 8. They continued to smoke their cigars, (not to utter) a word. 9. Then he leaned back in his chair as though (to puzzle) something out. 10. (To turn), I saw Miss Kenton (to glare) up at me from the foot of the stairs. 11. I lay here (to dream) beneath a tree and there wasn't a sound, except the twittering of a squirrel. 12. He looked like a man, who has fallen into the water with all his clothes on and (to rescue) from death, feels that he looks a fool. 13. "Oh, Mamma, let us do all we can," said Margaret, (not to see) the prudential side of the question. 14. Kylie Minogue has been rubbing shoulders with royalty, (to present) with a World Music Award by Monaco's Prince Albert. 15. My father proceeded to stand there, (to say) nothing, merely (to hold) open the door. 16. They will not be shaken out by external events, however (to surprise), (to alarm), or (to vex). 17. She, (not to know) it was poison, gave him, and so he died. 18. He was on the bridge again, thus (to avoid) the social torture of having to dine with the passengers. 19. (To import), the radios were more expensive. 20. (To have) a number of acquaintances in common with Mr. Farraday they paid a short visit one day to Darlington Hall.

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the syntactical functions of participle I.

Attribute and predicative

1. Former members of Saddam Hussein's feared secret services are being recruited to counter growing terrorist threats. (D.T.) 2. This was extremely annoying, but, of course, I had no choice but to hurry on upstairs. (K.I.) 3. Larry seated himself at the writing table and began to count. Isabel and I remained standing. (S.M.) 4. … he's the dreamer of a beautiful dream, and even if the dream doesn’t come true it's rather thrilling to have dreamt it. (S.M.) 5. I looked into his eyes. They were so trusting, so honest. (S.M.) 6. The court was evacuated when white powder and a threatening note were received. (D.T.) 7. He directed a piercing glance at me through his glasses. (S.L.) 8. A diving ship will have no difficulty at all in bringing the fuselage to the surface. (A.M.L.) 9. There were three experiments in the study involving analogical reasoning with figures. (E.J.) 10. In fact, it was most gratifying to learn that all of the great spirits consulted are very happy. (S.L.) 11. The company has also lost its contract supplying J.Sainsbury with savory products. (D.T.) 12. The missing man was very much the root of all our troubles. (A.M.L.)

Adverbial modifier of manner or attendant circumstances

1. Twenty-five years ago this week a message came crackling into the nation's living rooms from 240,000 miles away: "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed." (People) 2. He sat shivering slightly, with the same timid look in his face as before. (S.L.) 3. The middle window was opened, and clustering roses and the scarlet honeysuckle came peeping round the corner. (E.G.) 4. We were sitting around the tea table awaiting his arrival. (A.Chr.) 5. "Mad," whispered Richard, not thinking she could hear him. (Ch.D.) 6. Poirot looked at me pityingly, shaking his head very gently. (A.Chr.) 7. "Ah, there it is," he cried, seizing it (the valise) and carrying it off. (S.L.) 8. Listening to the ringing tone, he wished that other problems could be settled as swiftly and simply as this one was going to be. (A.H.) 9. She stopped, wondering where Mel Bakersfield was, and if he would come. (A.H.) 10. He turned away and stood staring over the harbour. (A.M.L.)

Adverbial modifier of time and cause

1. However, knowing Miss Kenton as I do, I am inclined to think that a lack of any letter can be taken as an agreement. (K.I.) 2. The King, being in need of good counselors, considered Berkshire to be nearer than Kent for his purposes. (K.B.P.) 3. Lord Burghley himself, when presenting to the Queen his reasons why she should not marry Dudley, if that was her intention, now stated "that he is infamed by the death of his wife". (K.B.P.) 4. Her elder son, a diplomatist, being charge d'affaires in Tokyo during the absence of the ambassador, had been of course unable to leave his post. (S.M.) 5. Elliot, having installed the Maturins in his spacious apartment on the Left Bank, returned to the Riviera at the end of the year. (S.M.) 6. To break this vicious cycle it is important to lose only fat while maintaining or even increasing muscle. (People) 7. Having been a battered wife in an earlier marriage, I can say Mr. Simpson displays the typical pattern of a wife-beater… (People) 8. And then, coming to the familiar door, for my customary summer suit, I found that he was there no more. (S.L.) 9. Acquiring a tankard of cider from the landlord, I seated myself at a table a little way away. (K.I.) 10. Do you mean to tell me that the generalissimo, having successfully completed the confiscation of all the American sugar-refining mills, is now selling the machinery back to the Americans? (A.M.L) 11. Having leaked advance news of a big rights issue, "Royal and Sun Alliance" yesterday invited share-holders. (D.T.) 12. With that he slid in beside me, having opened the door and made sure the belt of my sweater was inside, and off we drove. (H.B.)

Adverbial modifier of comparison and subsequent events

1. She was 20 when she joined the School Sisters of Notre Dame in New York City, but it soon became apparent that convent life was not for her. She left after five months, finishing college at Fordham University in New York City. (People) 2. It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday. (M.Swan) 3. His eyes seemed to be peering into it (the photograph) as if seeking to fathom its unfathomable mystery. (S.L.) 4. She looked around the familiar apartment, as though seeking some kind of reassurance from it. (S.Sh.) 5. Duncan had ridden off, leaving Sabrina on the hill. (J.L.) 6. The anger returned, shooting Ophelia off the bed for several paces around the room. (J.L.) 7. On Brule's advice Kirsty moved to Milan to audition for the shows, meeting at first with mixed results. (H.B.)

Part of a compound verbal predicate

1. I beckoned to him and he came walking quickly towards us. (A.M.L.) 2. The ships came sailing into the harbour. (R.W.Zandvoort) 3. And with that Mr. Butt went bursting forth into the rain. (S.L.) 4. The door had opened suddenly, and a young fellow came swaggering in with the air of one who is the master. (A.C.D.) 5. The fact was, I had been "off duty" at that moment when Miss Kenton had come marching into my pantry. (K.I.) 6. She new it was bad form to come visiting your neighbor when you knew he was having a party. (J.L.) 7. Yellow oxygen masks came tumbling down, each mask connected by a short plastic tube to a central oxygen supply. (A.H.) 8. Presently they (the guests) will all come trooping in to breakfast. (S.L.) 9. Jackie Felt came scampering over. (E.S.)

Parenthesis

1. Judging by his music, the singer Chris Martin is not the sort of person prone to fisticuffs. (D.T.) 2. He was not, considering her intelligence, the sort of man she would have been expected to choose. (J.Ch.) 3. But, comparatively speaking, her life was wrecked. (M.F.) 4. Taking everything into consideration, they ought to get another chance. (M.Swan) 5. Granting this to be true, what follows? (R.W.Zandvoort) 6. And speaking again of the survivors, we'll have to find sleeping accommodations for them. (A.M.L.) 7. Considering her comprehensive view of life, it seemed strange that such a thing should have bothered her. (J.Ch.) 8. The next moment, Mrs. Taylor was showing in a well-built man, perhaps in his fifties, who judging from his dress had spent the day engaged in agricultural work. (K.I.) 9. But speaking practically, it's as good a way as any to describe how an industry finds faces to satisfy our culture's hungry eye. (H.B.) 10. Broadly speaking, dogs are more faithful than cats. (M.Swan)

Exercise 6. Translate what is given in brackets using the appropriate form of participle I.

1. (Так как он не знал языка), he had no hope of getting the job. 2. (Прочитав книгу), he returned to the library. 3. (Оставшись одна, без денег) she felt quite miserable. 4. Soon a railway will be built here, (которая соединит) the two towns. 5. They had tried many methods, (вернувшись в конце концов) to the initial one. 6. (Прождав напрасно) for more than an hour, he went away. 7. They walked slowly along the path, (которая вела) to the river. 8. (Внимательно прочитав) the letter she tore it up and threw it into the waste-paper basket. 9. (Увидев нас), he waved his hand. 10. This student, (не сдавший несколько экзаменов), is sure to be expelled. 11. The boys, (игравшие во дворе в футбол) were making a lot of noise. 12. (Войдя в комнату), he came up to me and shook my hand. 13. (Слушая ее) he felt that her words were not sincere. 14. (Будучи воспитанной в монастыре), she was of course quite inexperienced in such matters. 15. (Читая книги) by Stephen Leacock one can't help laughing every now and then. 16. He waited for an answer, (не задавая больше вопросов).

Exercise 7. Analyse the functions of participle I.

1. My brother Roger, who occupies the west wing of the floor above, came rushing down to tell me that my father had a sudden seizure. (A.Chr.) 2. Thoroughly alarmed he rushed back to the churchyard, breathlessly telling the others what he had seen. (K.B.P) 3. "Who has been telling you such nonsense?" "Papa himself," said Margaret, longing to say something gentle and consoling, but literally not knowing how. (E.G.) 4. The White House reaffirmed its support for Mr. Abbas, praising his commitment to peace. (D.T) 5. I had never seen Elliott so angry and I guessed his wrath was caused by his belief that Paul Barton had asked about the picture maliciously, having somehow learnt that Elliot had bought it. (S.M) 6. The doctors say that the need to provide safe cover at night will mean less work being done during the day. (D.T.) 7. Silence did have a surprising effect on Ophelia. (J.L.) 8. Calmly though, as if explaining to a child, he said, "He only just refused the first girl this afternoon." (J.L.) 9. Using data gathered through the agency's management information system, they have created indicators to assess program success at various times. (CYSR) 10. From the garden, startling all three men, there came a happy roaring shout. (M.P.) 11. Although management indicators and clinical indicators were not originally developed to provide a basis for systematic program evaluation from outside of agency, being intended instead to provide useful information to program managers, the principle of using comparison to develop standards of evaluation is compelling. (CYSR) 12. Then, casting aside the jester's cloak and cap, he rose to his full height. (S.L.) 13. In 1814, being no longer inhabitable, the house was demolished… (K.B.P.) 14. I proceeded further into the library, and stopping a little way from Mr. Cardinal's writing desk, gave a cough. (K.I.) 15. It was worth pointing out, that his lordship had by that time severed all links with the "blackshirts", having witnessed the true, ugly nature of that organization. (K.I.) 16. Indeed, the distinguished gentlemen continued to smoke their cigars, solemn expressions on their faces, not uttering a word. (K.I.) 17. They became part of that unreal but penetrating and exciting universe which is the world seen through the eyes of love. (V.W.) 18. The move to California had been unsettling at first. (S.Sh.) 19. It allows for the comparison of differing programs, while avoiding the pitfalls of coercive cost containment strategies. (CYSR) 20. Considering everything, it wasn't a bad holiday. (M.Swan)

Exercise 8. Instructions as for 7.

1. The young gentleman suddenly rose to his feet, and clutching his attaché case, said, "Well, I think I'll go and take a little fresh air." (K.I.) 2. To have a companion of more or less her own age living here must have been agreeable to her? (A.Chr.) 3. Thus I sat in burning discontent and ill-humour. (M.F.) 4. Duncan, glancing between the two older people who were glowering at each other said, "Then you know the lass?" (J.L.) 5. She smiled, realizing that she was actually meeting someone who didn't believe the rumours about her. (J.L.) 6. It was enchanting to feel so much at home with him. (S.M.) 7. Having left her alone with grief, I realized out in the corridor that I had not offered her my condolences. (K.I.) 8. In short, she had such a natural, captivating, winning manner, that in a few minutes we were sitting in the window-seat, with the light of the fire upon us, talking together, as free and happy as could be. (Ch.D.) 9. Hastily throwing a domino over his housemaid's dress, he rushed to the street. (S.L.) 10. "I have three telegrams from Paris," he said, "they are completely baffling." (S.L.) 11. Taking out a pen-knife, Mr.Bankes tapped the canvas with the bone handle. (V.W.) 12. Then turning to me, he went on: "Our doctor here's for all kinds of little countries going independent." (K.I.) 13. … it was thus that she felt herself; and this self having shed its attachments was free for the strangest adventures. (V.W.) 14. I may well say here that having reread her letter again tonight, I am inclined to believe I may well have read more into certain of her lines than perhaps was wise. (K.I.) 15. Not talking now, they held each other tightly. (A.H.) 16. About 200 Arafat supporters moved to the entrance of the building, screaming abuse. (D.T.)

Exercise 9. Translate into English using participle I where possible.

1. Надеясь, что она скоро вернется, он начал готовить ужин. 2. Она взяла телеграмму, слегка нахмурившись. 3. Он стоял в растерянности, никого не узнавая в этой толпе. 4. Оглянувшись, он неожиданно увидел Кейт. 5. Высказав свое мнение по этому вопросу, он почувствовал облегчение. 6. Она не заметила человека, стоявшего на углу. 7. Намереваясь пойти на ее день рождения, он купил огромный букет роз. 8. Услышав его голос, она вздрогнула. 9. Думая обо всем, что произошло, она чувствовала себя глубоко несчастной. 10. С трудом открыв тяжелую дверь, мальчик на цыпочках прошел в комнату. 11. Остановившись у окна, они о чем-то оживленно заговорили. 12. Он сидел молча, стараясь не привлекать к себе внимания. 13. Сердито поджав губы, она отрицательно покачала головой. 14. Они прошли мимо нас, что-то громко обсуждая. 15. Он продолжал задавать вопросы, словно желая рассердить ее.

Exercise 10. Instructions as for 9.

1. Молчание, царившее в комнате, становилось невыносимым. 2. Он увлеченно рассказывал об опытах, проводимых в их лаборатории. 3. Попрощавшись со всеми, он направился к выходу. 4. Гримируясь перед выходом на сцену, она неожиданно вспомнила эти его слова. 5. Она уже давно привыкла к восхищенным взглядам поклонников. 6. Седеющие волосы делали его старше своего возраста. 7. Проводив посетителей до ворот и вернувшись в пустой дом, он еще сильнее ощутил свое одиночество. 8. Служанка, приготовившая обед, накрывала на стол в гостиной. 9. Вообще-то говоря, я не интересуюсь современным искусством. 10. Они возобновили свой разговор, не затрагивая однако этой темы. 11. Открыв окно и забравшись на подоконник, он спрыгнул на мокрую от дождя землю. 12. Просмотрев документы и найдя в них несколько ошибок, управляющий приказал перепечатать их. 13. Хотя было уже поздно, мы не чувствовали голода, т.к. плотно поели в обед. 14. Выбежав на перрон, он с облегчением увидел, что его поезд еще не тронулся. 15. Так как его прислали сюда против воли, его единственное желание – сбежать отсюда побыстрее. 16. Она долго глядела на него, не понимая, что он имеет в виду. 17. Ребята сидели на скамейке и бесцеремонно разглядывали девушек, проходивших мимо. 18. Он написал множество рассказов, опубликовав лишь один из них.