- •Alexandrova t.A., Fenova e.A.
- •Verbals. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •The Infinitive
- •The infinitive as a non-finite form of the verb.
- •The morphological characteristics of the infinitive.
- •1.2.1. Aspect and voice distinctions of the infinitive do not differ from those of the finite verb.
- •The particle "to" before the infinitive
- •1.3.1. The split infinitive
- •1.4.3. The infinitive is used as an object to verbs expressing:
- •1.4.4. The infinitive used as an attribute immediately follows its head-noun.
- •1.4.5. The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier.
- •1.4.5.1. An adverbial modifier of purpose:
- •1.4.5.2. An adverbial modifier of result or consequence:
- •1.4.5.3. An adverbial modifier of subsequent events:
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with the infinitive
- •1.6.1. The Accusative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.2. The Nominative with the Infinitive
- •1.6.3. The Infinitive For-Phrase
- •Exercises
- •Without the anticipatory it
- •With the anticipatory it
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Infinitive
- •Revision Exercises
- •Participle I
- •2.1. The morphological characteristics.
- •2.2. The temporal meaning of participle I.
- •2.3. The functions of participle I.
- •2.3.1. An attribute
- •The Accusative with participle I (complex object)
- •The nominative with participle I (complex subject)
- •The nominative absolute construction with participle I
- •The absolute construction with participle I introduced by "with". The absolute construction without participle I.
- •3.4. The functions of participle II.
- •3.4.1. An attribute
- •3.4.2. A predicative
- •3.5.6. The prepositional absolute construction.
- •Exercises
- •Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle II.
- •The Gerund
- •The morphological characteristics.
- •The temporal meaning of the gerund.
- •4.8. Some prepositional verbs and phrases used with the gerund.
- •Exercises
- •Gerundial complexes (constructions)
- •The gerund and the infinitive
- •The gerund, participle I, the verbal noun
- •Revision exercises on participle and gerund.
- •5.1.5. Subjunctive I and the suppositional mood represent an action as problematic but not as contradicting reality.
- •5.2.5. The tenses within the sentence need not be the same; the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with any of the oblique moods forms.
- •5.3. Aspect and voice distinctions.
- •5.4.2.3. To express advice (a) and preference (b) (subjunctive II in the set phrases had better and would rather):
- •5.4.3. The conditional mood is used in simple sentences
- •5.4.3.1. With implied condition:
- •5.5.1.2.2. It is necessary to point out that when the verb in the object clause is affirmative in English, it is negative in Russian and vice versa.
- •5.5.1.2.3. To express a hardly realizable wish the present tense of subjunctive II of a modal verb may be used in these object clauses.
- •5.5.1.3. Both tenses of subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of comparison. The tenses are used relatively.
- •5.5.1.3.1. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses introduced by as if and as though.
- •5.5.2. Subjunctive II and the conditional mood in complex sentences.
- •5.5.2.1. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of unreal condition subjunctive II is used in the clause of condition and the conditional mood is used in the principal clause.
- •5.5.2.1.2. Three forms are used in clauses of condition with reference to the future (for details see 5.5.3.4.):
- •5.5.2.2. In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of concession the choice of the mood form depends on the conjunction which introduces the subordinate clause.
- •5.5.3.2.1. The same rules hold good for appositive (a) and predicative (b) clauses after nouns expressing order, suggestion, wish, agreement, etc.:
- •5.5.3.4. The suppositional mood is used in adverbial clauses of condition with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5. The suppositional mood and subjunctive I may be used in adverbial clauses of concession.
- •5.5.3.5.1. The suppositional mood is used with reference to the future.
- •5.5.3.5.2. Subjunctive I is used in clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whoever, etc.
- •5.5.3.5.3. The indicative mood of the modal verb may is often used in clauses of concession introduced by though, whoever, however, etc.
- •The Use of Moods in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
- •The Use of Moods in Complex Sentences Subjunctive II in Complex Sentences
- •Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood in Complex Sentences
- •The Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive in Complex Sentences
- •Revision Exercises
- •6.3.6. Incredulity (in negative sentences)
- •Revision exercises on can and may
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Should, ought (to)
- •6.8. In most of their meanings these verbs are used interchangeably. They express the following:
- •6.8.1. Advice, obligation, desirability
- •6.8.4. Supposition bordering on assurance; something that can be naturally expected
- •6.8.5. Why should, how should are to be considered set phrases used for emotional colouring:
- •Exercises.
- •6.11. Need can be used as a modal or as a regular verb. It has the following meanings:
- •6.11.2. Necessity (in negative and interrogative sentences)
- •6.11.4. To be in want of is expressed by the regular need
- •Exercises
- •Revision exercises on modal verbs
- •Literature
- •I. Theoretical sourses
- •II.Fiction and periodicals
- •III. Dictionaries
- •Abbreviations
- •Сontents
- •Александрова т.А., Фенова е.А.
Revision Exercises
Exercise 59. State the function of the infinitive or a complex with the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. He was beginning to think it was time for her to slow down. (D.S.) 2. By and by he came to so dread Williams and his gilded tongue that he would stop talking when he saw him approach. (M.T.) 3. I am only protesting against the desire of some grammarians to make hard and fast rules where no such rules exist. (L.Strong) 4. Some of these issues dropped out of Marx's later works because he considered them to have been satisfactorily dealt with. (D.Biber) 5. He often wondered what it would be like to be very rich. (C.E.Eckersley) 6. There are many factors to be taken into consideration. (B.D.Graver) 7. Then he needed a perfect valet. He liked his clothes to be perfectly looked after. (S.M.) 8. I'm not sure where Michael is, to be honest. (Longman Dictionary) 9. Sheriff Bixby is pretty old and doesn't seem to know what to do. The house here isn't in any town, so there isn't any police to call on. (A.Hit.) 10. They suddenly realize that they want the "machine" to do something far more interesting. (C.W.) 11. I don't know when I shall get back to England. But as soon as I do get back, the first thing I shall do will be to come and see you and ask you to marry me. (A.Chr.) 12. "Now what can that be?" Her two sons proceeded to make suggestions, at which she said "Ah! Ah!" The rector was amazingly clever at cross-word puzzles. "This certainly is a hard nut to crack," said he old lady. (D.H.L.) 13.She murdered him in cold blood! God, it makes my blood boil to think of it. (A.Chr.) 14. Harry's been making a little side-money, sort of, see. Miss Euphemia wanted the landlord to do some decorating and papering, and they wouldn't do it. So he's been doing it spare time." (E.Q.) 15. They have 14 days to decide whether to keep it or send it back. (M.Hewings) 16. One obvious place to look for possible clues was right there in the office-workshop. The killer had spent some time there. He had had to rip open the drawers to find the hidden money – money Peter a dozen times had begged old Fritz to put in a bank. (A.Hit.) 17. The British weather is difficult to predict. 18. He maintained that ambulance crews were continuing to answer 999 calls, even though they were suspended. (D.Biber) 19. The two started to walk down to the ocean. (J.S.) 20. An agreement has been signed to protect the forests being cut down all over the world. (M.Hewings)
Exercise 60. Translate the sentences into English using the infinitive or a complex with the infinitive.
1. Они первыми сошли вниз. 2. Знаешь, что я хотел бы сделать? Я хотел бы задушить эту женщину собственными руками. 3. Мы пришли домой и обнаружили, что в доме побывали воры. (to burgle). 4. У меня совсем (never) нет возможности передохнуть в эти дни. 5. Назначать встречу – тебе! 6. Предполагается, что г-н Тайк выехал из страны. 7. Долгом мужчины было пойти работать туда (in a business), где у него будет шанс заработать достаточно денег, для того чтобы содержать жену и семью, а после своей смерти оставить вдову достаточно обеспеченной. 8. Подписано соглашение о защите лесов, вырубаемых повсеместно в мире. 9. К тому времени он уже ушел вздремнуть. 10. Не принять их предложение было бы глупо. 11. И почему я вез ее на встречу с ними? 12. Толпа наблюдала, как пожарники поднялись по лестнице, разбили окно на втором этаже и проникли в здание. 13. Джон ожидает, что ты ему позвонишь. Тебе лучше бы сделать это сейчас. 14. Это очень трудно выразить словами. Только начинаешь (to try) – сразу смущаться. 15. Я намеренно написал это предложение, чтобы показать разницу. 16. Невозможно было не растрогаться, когда Ларри говорил, запинаясь, словно заставляя (to force) себя говорить о том, что он скорее бы оставил недосказанным. 17. Этой машиной совсем легко пользоваться. 18. Вдруг он с изумлением увидел, как Елена вскочила и побежала за Гуддорфом. "Не волнуйся!", крикнула она. 19. Вам будет приятно узнать, что мы приняли Ваше предложение. 20. Вот стул, на который можно встать.