1. Read and translate the text. Symptoms of Some Diseases

Anemia. The signs of acute haemorrhage are more or less the same in all species. They include restlessness, paleness of mucous membranes and a rapid weak pulse. The temperature must be subnormal, the respiratory rate is increased; the breathing at first is deep and later shallow. Deep depression coexists with collapse of the circulatory system.

Gastritis. Vomiting and loss of appetite are the most common symptoms of gastritis. The vomiting usually follows the ingestion of food or water, but it may occur at any time if there is extensive damage to the mucosa. Animals reveal thirst and, if allowed, will drink large amounts of water which stimulates further vomiting.

Acute cases may show a pain response to abdominal palpation.

Swine influenza. The disease is characterized by its sudden onset and rapid spread through the entire herd. The pigs show a fever, weakness and prostration. They commonly show evidence of pain and muscular weakness when forced to move. Evident symptoms are coughing and mucous discharge from the eye to nose.

Blackleg. Following an incubation period of 1 to 5 days, there is acute lameness, accompanied by depression and fever. Characteristic swelling develop in the muscle of the shoulder, chest,, back, neck, tongue or pharynx. At first the swelling is small, hot and painful, but as the disease progresses, the swelling becomes larger and finally becomes cold and painless.

Tick Infestation. Tick are dependent upon blood of their existence. If present in large numbers, any species will pro­duce anemia. Most animals tolerate a few ticks, restless as the number increases. If present in a large numbers, ticks cause the host to lose weight.

2. Answer the questions

1. What are the symptoms of anemia? 2. In what cases does vomiting occur? 3. By what signs is swine influenza characterized? 4. How long does the incubation period of blackleg last? 5. What are symptoms of tick infestation?

3. Translate the following sentences with the construction “it is … that”

1. It is through the walls of the air cells that the interchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood take place. 2. It is skeleton that performs the functions of support, movement and protection. 3. It is mineral salts that give special strength to the intercellular substance of bony tissue. 4. It is on the method of spore formation that the classification of the fungi is primarily based. 5. It is nervous system that regulates the activities of all organs and the connections between them. 6. It is the digested part of food that an animal lives on.

4. Translate the text, using the dictionary Koch’s Rules

In order to provide the relationship of an organism to a disease Koch proposed rules which must be fulfilled. The finding of an organism in diseased tissues is not enough proof that the organism is the cause. Koch found that:

1. The organism must be found in each case of disease.

2. The organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture.

3. The organism must reproduce the disease in the susceptible animal or in suitable experimental animals.

4. The organism must be isolated from the tissues of the experimental animal in pure culture.

These rules have been of great value in the study of infectious diseases since the time of Koch, and the observance of them has formed a firm basis for medical bacteriology.