- •Part 1. Farm animals
- •Word List a
- •1. Read and translate the text. Classes Of animals
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Fill in the blanks with the required words:
- •Word List b
- •4. Translate into Russian:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •Lesson 2. Domestic Animals Word List a
- •1. Read and translate the text. Domestic Animals
- •5. Answer the questions.
- •Word List a
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Give the plural of the following words:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions:
- •Word List b
- •5. Translate into Russian:
- •6. Translate into English:
- •Word List a
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Form the verbs from the following words and translate them:
- •Word List в
- •4. Translate into Russian:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. The sheep
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •Word List b
- •4. Translate into Russian:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. The sheep (Continued)
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions:
- •Word List b
- •4. Translate into Russian:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. The poultry
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Fill in the blanks with the required words:
- •Word List b
- •4. Translate info Russian:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •Lesson 1. The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. The anatomy of the domestic animals
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents of the following sentences.
- •3. Find synonyms for the words:
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •Lesson 2. Parts of the Animals Body Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. Parts of the animal body
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Find antonyms for the worlds:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:
- •Word List b
- •5. Translate into Russian:
- •6. Translate into English:
- •Lesson 3. The Blood Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. The blood
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions:
- •5. Translate into Russian:
- •6. Translate into English:
- •Lesson 4. The Heart Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. The Heart.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents of the following sentences:
- •3. Find synonyms for the words:
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •Lesson 5. The Cow’s Stomach Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. The cow’s stomach
- •2. Translate the following questions into English and answer them:
- •3. Give a) synonyms and b) antonyms to the following words:
- •Word List b
- •4. Translate into Russian:
- •5. Pay attention to the words with the same roots and their meanings:
- •6. Give the English equivalents for:
- •Lesson 6. The Cow’s Stomach Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. The cow's stomach (Continued)
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •2. Complete the following sentences:
- •3. Give antonyms to the following words:
- •Word List b
- •4. Translate into Russian:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •Lesson 7. Digestion in the Stomach of the Horse and Pig Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. Digestion in the stomach of the horse and pig
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Fill in the blanks with the required words given below:
- •Word List b
- •4. Translate into Russian:
- •5. Give the English equivalents for:
- •Lesson 8. The Liver Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. The liver
- •1. Answer the following questions:
- •Word List b
- •2. Translate into Russian:
- •3. Pay attention to the words with the same roots and their meanings:
- •4. Translate into English:
- •Lesson 9. Bile Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. Bile
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Ask general questions:
- •4. Add the suffix -ish to the following adjectives and translate the new words according to the pattern:
- •Word List b
- •5. Translate into Russian:
- •6. Translate into English:
- •Lesson 10. The Thyroid Gland Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. The thyroid gland
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Point out the nouns with the suffixes -tion, -ment, -ness and adjectives with the suffix -at from the text.
- •4. Form Participle I of the following verbs and translate them:
- •Word List b
- •5. Translate into Russian:
- •6. Translate into English:
- •Part 3. Cells and Tissues Lesson 1. The Living Cells Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. The LiVing cEllS
- •2. Translate the following words with the suffixes multi-, inter-, intra-.
- •Lesson 2. Tissues Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. Tissues
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents of the Russian sentences.
- •4. Write down the summary of the text, using the following questions
- •Lesson 3. Bacteria Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. Bacteria
- •6. Translate into English
- •Lesson 4. Diagnostics Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. Сhemical Examination of Animals and Diagnostic Tests
- •2. Memorize the pronunciation the following words, translate them
- •3. Translate the following sentences
- •4. Find in the text English equivalents of the following Russian word combinations
- •5. Answer the following questions
- •Word List а
- •1. Read and translate the text. Symptoms of Some Diseases
- •2. Answer the questions
- •3. Translate the following sentences with the construction “it is … that”
- •4. Translate the text, using the dictionary Koch’s Rules
1. Read and translate the text. The LiVing cEllS
Biologist have classified, living organism into single-celled and many-celled, organisms. Bacteria, amoebae and many of the small animals and plants are single-celled, while insects, fish, and most of the larger organisms are many-celled. Intracellular processes form the basis of life of all multicellular organisms.
In almost all multicellular organisms (plants and animals) the individual cells have the work divided up among them: each cell specializes in certain functions.
This leads to thy development of groups of cells, sometimes compact as in muscle, sometimes diffuse as in the blood cells. Each of these groups together with the intercellular substance is called a tissue, and one or more of these tissues are arranged to form organs. Thus, nervous, muscular, epithelial and connective tissues are combined to form the heart. Cells possess all the principal characteristics of life – they eat drink, digest food, curry away wastes, grow, multiply and respond to stimuli.
For many years, the structure of cell was thought to be relatively simple. The cell was believed to be a mass of protoplasm enclosed in a membrane and containing a nucleus, very small granules, fibres and other cytoplasmic organoids and inclusions. But the electrone microscope changed our ideas (concepts) about the structure of the living cell. We were able to observe numerous membranes usually consisting of two layers of molecules of one type with one or two layers of molecules of another type between them. A number of new organoids performing vitally important functions have been discovered. Various parts of the cell were found to be connected with one another by endless numbers of previously invisible canals, the walls of which, are made up of one or two layers of large molecules. By means of these canals the cell nucleus is connected with the multi-membraneous structures of the cytoplasm.
The protoplasm of cells contains proteins, nucleus acids, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, pigments, salts, and water. As to its activities, the cell may be compared to an automatic factory where different departments perform different functions but operate as a single unit producing only one thing – life. And life, as Engels once defined it, is a mode of existence of protein bodies.
2. Translate the following words with the suffixes multi-, inter-, intra-.
multi (много):
multicellular, multimembraneous, multicoloured, multinational;
inter (меж-, между-):
intercellular, international, interaction, interstinal;
intra (внутри-):
intramuscular, intravenous, intramolecilar, intracellular.
3. Memorize the plural forms of the following nouns of foreign origin.
ед.ч. -us |
|
мн.ч. -i |
stimulus |
- стимул |
stimuli |
fungus |
- гриб |
fungi |
nucleus |
- ядро |
nuclei |
bacillus |
- бацилла |
bacilli |
ед.ч. -a |
|
мн.ч. -ae |
amoeba |
- амеба |
amoebae |
larva |
- личинка |
larvae |
vertebra |
- позвонок |
vertebrae |
ед.ч. -um |
|
мн.ч. -a |
cranium |
- череп |
crania |
bacterium |
- бактерия |
bacteria |
4. Change the following underlined nouns into plural forms.
1. A (bacterium) produces spores. 2. A (stimulus) can be physical, chemical or electrical in nature. 3.The (nucleus), situated in the centre of the cell, is spherical. 4. A (vertebra) consists of a body and an arch (дуга). 5. An (amoeba) reproduces by simple division. 6. A (Fungus) enters the animal body through food and water.
5. Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations.
это приводит к развитию, кровяная клетка, живые организмы, электронный микроскоп, однокле-точный, межклеточное вещество, способ существования, многоклеточный, мышечная ткань, вну-триклеточные процессы, определенная функция, многоклеточные организмы, масса протоплазмы, жизненно важная функция, невидимый канал, относительно простое вещество, посредством.
6. Find in the text English equivalents of the Russian sentences.
1. Структура клетки, как раньше считали, была относительно простой. 2. Каждая клетка выполняет определенную функцию. 3. Электронный микроскоп изменил наше представление о строении живой клетки. 4. Протоплазма клетки содержит белки, жиры, углеводы, витамины, соли и воду. 5. В живой клетке существует более 100000 химических веществ. 6. Жизнь – это способ существования белковых тел.
7. Answer the following questions.
1. What is single-celled (many-celled) organism? 2. What single-celled (many-celled) organisms do you know? 3. What is tissue? 4. What characteristics of life do cells possess? 5. What do you know of the structure of living cell? 6. What does the protoplasm of cell contain?