10. Редагування перекладів

There is a remarkably rich philosophic literature on the relationship of tolerance to social organization. There is a good deal of legal literature that also seeks to link law, or more properly, the rule of law and implicitly tolerance to the promotion and defense of political orders that are democratic and human rights sensitive. An implied but often unexplored assumption behind this perspective is that at a pre- or even metaconscious level there is a value that infuses all deliberate efforts to promote or defend the rule of law, viz., the precept "Tolerance". In the literature on law, the relationship between tolerance and intolerance is often tied to the tension between law on the one hand and justice on the other. This raises the question of tolerating civil disobedience the morality of non-violence or violent resistance to unjust social orders or institutions.

Існує чудово багата філософська література на зв'язку толерантності до соціальної організації. Існує багато юридичної (законної) літератури, це також намагається компонувати закон, або більш належним чином, правову норму та неявно толерантність до підтримки і захисту політичних замовлень, що є демократичними і чутливими правами людини. Що часто мається на увазі, але недосліджене припущення позаду цієї перспективи - це у перед або навіть метасвідомий рівень існус величина (значення), що впорскує всі навмисні зусилля, аби підтримати або захистити правову норму, а саме припис "Толерантності". У літературі на законі зв'язок між толерантністю та нетолерантнiстю часто пов'язується до напруженості між законом, з одного боку, та справедливістю, на другому. Це піднімає питання визнання громадянської непокори, етика відмови від насильства або сильного опору несправедливим соціальним наказам або установам.

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1. Any concept can be expressed in any language, using the natural linguistic resources of that language. The translation of a concept will often have a different number of words from what it had in the original text, because all languages differ in their vocabulary (lexicon) and how their words relate to each other (syntax).

2. A translation should not sound like a translation. It should sound like any other good, natural speech or writing in that language.

3. Accuracy is measured by the degree to which users of a translation get the same meaning from it which the original text had. Accuracy can be determined by field testing the translation among a wide range of speakers of the target language.

4. Word-for-word translation does not necessarily increase accuracy. In fact, it often reduces accuracy.

5. Thought-for-thought translation does not increase accuracy, if the translator inserts ideas of his/her own which are not in the meaning of the original text.

6. Meaning is found more than just in words. It is the total expression of an utterance, including meaning which is found in the words, but also in the syntax of how the words are connected to each other, how the resultant phrases are connected to each other, and how sentences, paragraphs, episodes, and discourse segments relate to each other. Meaning is also often not explicitly expressed in one language, because there are cultural clues making it unnecessary to do so. But that implicit meaning is just as much a part of the meaning of an utterance as are the explicit words and syntax. Meaning is also found not just in the denotations of words, but also in their connotations. A good translation will reflect, to the best degree possible, the connotations, rhetorical impact, and emotive style of the original text. Total accuracy requires preserving all of these aspects of the original meaning, lexical meaning, syntactic and discourse meaning, implicit meaning (that which is necessary for accurately understanding an utterance), connotations, rhetorical impact, and other aspects of good style.

7. The best translations are made by individuals who are native speakers of the target language. The best native speaker translators are those who are very sensitive to proper grammar and word combinations in their own language. These translators will likely be recognized by others in their language community as being good speakers, perhaps even eloquent.

Форми наказового способу дієслова

1 . Consider a class K of finite structures.

2. Do not endeavor to stop the process.

3. Refer to Model of Fig.2.

4. Consider now a purely qualitative rule.

5. Take another case.

6. Observe that there is no repetition here.

7. Consider the implications of these assumptions.

8. Suppose, however, that there were three alternatives.

9. Suppose that it is true.

10. Note that this raises a further question.

11 . On this point, see Schmerling (1 993).

12. Notice that our earlier intuition is not necessarily wrong.

13. Notice that it is not necessary for both of these conditions to be met.

14. Let K be a regular cardinal.

15. Let f be a variable ranging over the interpretation of functions.

16. Suppose further that we propose the following general definitions.

17. Note that the test can be useful even when its basis is poorly understood.

18. As a final motivation here, for the usefulness of the analysis, compare (20) and (21 ).

19. If a dispute arises, re-formulate the project to eliminate the problem.

20. Suppose we adopt a hierarchical relationship between the two subtheories by fiat, such that the second presupposes the existence of the first.

21 . Notice that we do not attempt to constitute something novel here. See Appendix A for a complete explanation of the statistical methods used in this test.

22. Let b(n) denote the total number of non-isomorphic structures.

23. Let us tabulate and briefly analyze the problem to be met.

24. Let us summarize briefly the characteristic features of tunnel diodes.

25. In conclusion, let me summarize what has been done.

26. Let me start by giving an analogy.

27. Let me conclude with one more example.

28. Let us consider problem a) first.

29. Let us see how this force acts in the abstract.

30. Let us begin by examining these "Writings" in detail.