In Ukraine

Athletes are ranked ais third, second or first class, or awarded the titles of Candidate Master of Sports, Master of Sports of Ukraine, Master of Sports of Ukraine International Class and Merited Master of Sports of Ukraine. The «qualifying standards for each category are rather high and are revised regularly to keep pace with changing world standards. They are included in the unified sports classification.

The Sports Committee awards the rankings and titles in 56 spoils. The highest title is Merited Master of Sports of Ukraine. It is given to athletes who win in major international competitions, usually in world championships and at the Olympics. This title was introduced in 1934. The speed-skater Yakov Melnikov became the first Merited Master of Sports.

The third, the second and the first sports rankings are awarded for results achieved in official competitions ( championships, spartakiads, cups and so on) and are valid for one or two years only, after which they are renewed or an athlete may try for a higher ranking. Junior rankings are awarded to athletes under 18 years of age who also meet the qualifying standards for their age. Ranked athletes receive a badge and a certificate from the Sports Committee.

Текст 4. Спорт рейтингова система та спорту Назва В Україні (Спортивний Системний І Спортивний Заголовок, що Займає місце

У Україні) Спортсмени впорядкованих АІС третього, другого або першого класу, або присвоєно звання кандидата в майстри спорту, майстри спорту України, майстер спорту Міжнародного класу України, заслужений майстер спорту України. «Кваліфікаційних стандартів для кожної категорії досить високі і регулярно переглядатися, щоб йти в ногу з мінливим світовим стандартам. Вони включені в єдину класифікацію видів спорту. Спортивний комітет присуджує рейтинги і звання в 56 трофеїв. Найвищий титул заслуженого майстра спорту України. Вона дається спортсменам, які перемагають в найбільших міжнародних змаганнях, як правило, в чемпіонатах світу і на Олімпійських іграх. Це звання було введено в 1934 році. Швидкості фігурист Яків Мельников став першим заслуженим майстром спорту. Третій, другий і перший спортивний рейтинг присуджується за досягнуті результати в офіційних змаганнях (чемпіонати, спартакіади, кубки і т.д.) і дійсні протягом одного або двох років, тільки після чого вони знову або спортсмен може спробувати більш високий рейтинг. Молодший рейтинги присвоюються спортсменам у віці до 18 років, які також відповідають вимогам, що пред'являються для їх віку. Ranked спортсмени отримують нагрудний знак та сертифікат від Комітету спорту.

Text 5. From The History Of Sports (Former Soviet Republics)

When the Soviet Union was being created, the very' concept of "physical education" was unknown there. After the Great October So-cialist Revolution physical education hats become the property of all people, of all the nations inhabiting the country, a vital factor in edu-cating the new man. The USSR has long been a country where practi-cally everybody goes in for sports. A nation-wide program of physical fitness has turned the country into a gigantic stadium.

The successes of the physical culture movement have been partic-ularly striking in the Union Republics.

In pre-revolutionary Kyiv women and children were not admitted to the sports clubs. In 1980 there were 125 Masters of Sports (International Class), 2,474 Masters of Sports, and 11 mil lion classified sportsmen in Ukraine. There were 899 stadiums, 298 swimming pools, 14 thousand gyms and 123 thousand games courts. The sports organizations of Ukraine were traditionally innovators in mass physical culture work. There have been frequent Physical Culture and Sports Weeks to commemorate? outstanding dates in the history of the Soviet Union.

Much has been done by the small republic of Estonia for promot-ing the big-time sports and above all mass physical culture and sports.

A yachting centre was built in Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, for the 1980 Olympic Games, and the Regatta of the Moscow Games was held there. The Soviet Union’s first sports centres and games courts appeared in Estonia's parks and green zones. Wall bars, parallel bars, rings, and other gymnastic apparatus have made it possible to combine relaxation out of doors with physical exercises.

There were the traditional Estonian Health Saturdays, Orientation Thursdays, the People's Olympiad — the list is endless.

The republic had a whole network of well-equipped centres and the sports industry was very advanced. The most striking example is the centre at Otepia: marked cross-countiy runs, a five-kilometre roller-ski track, the Tehvand ski jump and the biathlon shooting range.