- •17. The oe consonant system. Grimm’s & Verner’s Laws, treatment of fricatives.
- •13. The development of monophthongs in me.
- •26. The oe personal pronouns and its futher development in me and ne.
- •28. The oe verb, its gram. Categories and morphological types.
- •15. Major vowel changes in ne. Great Vowel Shift. Vocalization of [r].
- •23. Changes in the noun system in me and ne.
- •29. Strong verbs in oe and their development.
- •24. The sources of ne plural forms of the noun.
- •27. The oe demonstrative pronouns. The rise of the articles in English.
- •50. Loans in oe
- •19. Form-building means in the history of e.
- •25. Degrees of comparison on the adjective in the history of English
- •14. Diphthongs in the history of e.
- •36. The rise of analytical forms in verbal system in ne
- •20. The general features of the oe non declension s-m
- •27. The oe demonstrative pronouns and their further development. The rise of the articles in e.
- •28. The oe verb, its gramm. Categories and morph types
- •29. Strong verbs in oe
- •33. The origin of Modern e irregular verbs.
- •37. The history of the verbal gramm. Categories
29. Strong verbs in oe
The strong type of verbs was inherited from IE. The verbs of this type build their Past & Part II with the help of ablaut of vowel gradation (перегласовка). Ablaut was to be found in all IE l-ges. It survived in Russian as well (несу-нес, беру-брал). Due to numerous positional vowel changes the IE ablaut shows many variations: 7 typesrīsan-rās-rĩson-risen; drĩncon- drănc-druncon-druncen.
He number of strong verbs in E which still retain the OE model is only ~70, The origin of the terms “strong/weak verbs” – Jacob Grimm. Strong verbs do not need any suffixes, support, outside the root.
In ME a very significant change in the former paradigm of strong verbs happened: thy had the same root for all persons: OE 1/3 – dranc; 2 - drunce→ ME drank
This contributed to greater regularity. Diff. vowels for past sg & pl fell together (coincided)
33. The origin of Modern e irregular verbs.
67; -1-Several groups of modern E irr. Verbs have developed from the weak verbs of Cl 1 (verbs like sellan and tæcan had an interchange in the root caused by palatal mutation in the Pr. tense stem and its absence in the other stems (Past t – salde, tāhte). ME – sellen – solde, techen – taught; NE – sell – sold, teach – taught.
-2- Another group of weak verbs became irregular in Early ME as a result of quantitative vowel changes. In verbs like OE cēpan, fēdan the long vowel in the root was shortened before 2 cons=s in the Past & Part II: OE cēpte – ME kepte. After the GVSh [i:~e] NE – keep-kept, feed-fed.
-3- Verbs like OE settan, with the root ending in a dental consonant, added the suffix without vowel [e] OE sette. When the inflexions were reduced and dropped, the 3 stems of the verbs – Pres., Past and Part II put together: set-set-set, put-put-put. OE sendan, restan – ME senden, resten – NE send, rest.
37. The history of the verbal gramm. Categories
The paradigm of OE was much simpler than nowadays & the number of categories was smaller. Stem, mood, person, number – use to be gramm.c-s.
In OE there were 2 tense only (the Pr & the Past). The idea of the future was expressed lexically: tomorrow, next time + Pr verb. Subj. mood olso helped to express the future & using verbs with modal meaning.
3 moods: The indicative, the subj., the imperative.
The Subj. mood was used to denote all kinds of unreal actions as well as future meaning.
The c-ry of person: 1st, 2nd, 3rd.
Number: sg, pl
In OE the finite verb had no c-ry of Voice. Passive form - In ME ben + Past Part. Developed into an analytical form. Now it could express not only a state but also an action. (the conceil that was accorded… - the advice that was given)
Perfect Forms.C-ry of Time-Correlation. Perf. Forms have developed from OE verb phrases. The main source of the Perf. Form was the OE “possessive” constructions, consisting of the verb habban (have), a direct obj. and P II of a trans. Verb: hæfde sē ?oda cempan ?ecorene (Beowulf)