36. The rise of analytical forms in verbal system in ne

NE: -continuous; -do-forms; -future tense; -Perfect; -Passive; -Subjunctive

-1- Future – 17^th c. John Wallis – the rule: shall – 1^st p, will – 2,3^rd p

-2- Perfect – only the auxiliary habban was left while beon ceased to be used in the Perf. Forms not to confuse them with Passive forms (though some of the forms are still left)

-3- Subj. Mood – analytical forms appeared: leten (let), neden (need).sholde/ wolde soon weakened their modal meaning and became auxiliaries.

Pecularities: sh/w + Inf – simult act; sh/w + Perf Inf – preced. act.

-4- Cont-s – 18^th c. Cont forms became well-established

18^th c. Cont forns in Passive were accepted as a norm (but clumsy and non grammatical)

-5- Do-forms – in the 16^th c. in negative, affirm, interr.

17^th c. only in negat. And interr. To keep word order S+P+O in affirm. Sent. Do acquired an emphatic meaning.

20. The general features of the oe non declension s-m

In OE the noun had the following categ-s:

1. gender: m, f, n;

2. number: sg, pl.

3. case: Nom, Dat, Gen, Acc.

S-m of declension was based on the former IE stem suf-s

Strong declension: a, o, u, i-stems;

Weak declension: n-stem

The most numerous – a-stem. N-stem reflexes the IE style: EG: имя – имена, время – времена, племя, стремя, etc.

The root -stem (mutated stem) – traces of i-mutation: man + I = men; foot → feet; goose→ geese.

R-stem: feder, sweaster – express family relationships.

The Dat sg forms in them reflects mutation in the root.

The OE system of declension was based on a number of distinctions:

In ME:

1)declentions disappeared due to reduction of endings

2)gender disappeared by the 11-12^th c.

3) the quantity of the number endings was reduced (as declensions dis-d)

The pl. became more uniform (-s, -en) root-sound underchange.

27. The oe demonstrative pronouns and their further development. The rise of the articles in e.

There were 2 demonstr. Pr-s in OE: the prototype of NE that and the prototype of this: þes Masc, þēos Fem, þis Neut, þās pl. They were declined like adj. according to 5 cases s-m (N,G,Acc,D,Instr). The paradigm of the demonstr. Pr-n sē contains many homonymous forms: M – sē N – þæs G – þæm D – þone A – þy/þon Instr.

Dem. Pr-s helped to define the form of the noun: on þæm lande(M or N), to þære heorde (to that herd)(F)

28. The oe verb, its gramm. Categories and morph types

The paradigm of OE was much simpler than nowadays & the number of categories was smaller. Stem, mood, person, number – use to be gramm.c-s.

In OE there were 2 tense only (the Pr & the Past). The idea of the future was expressed lexically: tomorrow, next time + Pr verb. Subj. mood olso helped to express the future & using verbs with modal meaning.

3 moods: The indicative, the subj., the imperative.

The Subj. mood was used to denote all kinds of unreal actions as well as future meaning.

The c-ry of person: 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd.

Number: sg, pl

All verbs in OE were devided into 2 main types & 2 minor types:

Main types: - strong verbs (300) in NE they corresponded to –irregular verbs (=Indoeur. type); -weak verbs (900)= regular verbs=Germanic type

Minor types: -Preterite-Present – didn’t denote action, they denote attitude to an action from the point of view of its possibility, probability. There were 12 in OE, but only 6 survived. We call them modal verbs.

-Anomalous verbs – had suppletive forms, which means that they build their forms using a new root each time. The verb “to be” keeps this rule up today.

dōn (do), gān (go), wyllan [wulon] (will) beon (be)