50. Loans in oe

Not numerous, 600 words from Celtic & Latin. Then Teutons came to live in E and the l-ges mixed. But very few survived. Proper names. (London – dan (a hill)).

3 ways of Latin influence:

• 1^st c. A.D: the words belonged to spheres: trade, religion, everyday’s life, agricultural products (win -wine), plum, pepper,

• 7^th c. A.D with the introd. Of Christianity. (hymn, angel). A l-ge of science and church (school, master, altar)

• Translation loans (калькирование). We observe this process when a compound word from the source l-ge is exactly translated into another l-ge (Evangelum lat. – good message; wunden – stefna (ship))

Many compounds contain the root [ju:θ] - война: [ju:θ]- beorn (man of war, warrior)

Borrowings after the Roman Invasion:

• Place names: castra – лагерь – Lancaster, port – Devonport

• Military affairs: wall, street

19. Form-building means in the history of e.

In OE the vocabulary mainly grew by means of word-formation. 3 main types:

-simple words (=root-words) – words consisting of a root-morpheme with no suffixes (god, land)

- derived words (a root-morpheme + 1 or more affixes): be-ginnan

- compound words (more than 1 root-morpheme): feower-tiene (fourteen), mann-cynn (mankind)

1. sound interchange: -i-mutation verbs from nouns:(food-feed), verbs from adj: full – fill, nouns from adj.: long – length

-consonantal interchanges: death – dead

2. word stress (not frequent) to differ-te between parts of speech

3. prefixation

- IE prefix (OE neg. un-)

- Germ. Pref-s (OE mis-, ofer-)

- to modify lexical meaning

4. suffixation

-dom, -nes, -lic, ful-, scipe-

25. Degrees of comparison on the adjective in the history of English

In OE there were 3 ways of formation of degrees of comparison:

1)inflections

Positive –soft; compare. – softra; superlat. - softost

2)root-sound interchange+inflections

Pos. – lon?, compare. – len?ra, sup. – len?est

3)suppletion

God – bettra –betest

In ME there are foll. changes:

-er, -est were used to form compare & superl. Degrees.

-root-sound interchange fell into disuse (long-longer-longest). Exeptions: old, far-furthe-furthest

-new way of form-n:

More, most + adj.

14. Diphthongs in the history of e.

In PG there were no diphthongs. There was just a sequence of 2 separate vowels. D-s appeared in OE as a result of merging of 2 vowels:

a+u – [ea:]; e+u – [eo:]; i+u – [io:]

Gothic auso – OE eare; þeudans – þeoden (king); diups – diop (deep)

Early OE OE eg.

Before ll æﬞ → ea all → eall

h + other cons. æﬞ : → ea: nah → neah

r + other cons ĕ → eo herza - heorte

æ - ea arm - earm

Diphthongization: after the palatal consonant (k’), (sk’) and (j) short and long [e] and [æ] turned into diphthongs ie or ea (scal – sceal, jār - jēar); OE diphthongs turned into monophthongs: ie – I (liehtan - lighten); eo – e (heorte - herte); ea – æ (east - æst); New d-s appeared due to vocalization of [j] and [w]. These cons-s turned into vowels [i], [u] and became the glides of new diph-s.

Great Vowel Shift (NE) 14-16^th c.

Long vowels:

ī>ī>āī tīme>time [taim]

yˉ>ī>āī myˉs-mice [mais]

e>e>i: metan-meet [mi:t]

æ>æ>i: sæ>sea [si:]

ū>ū>au hūs>house [haus]

ā>ā>ou rād>road [roud]

a>a>ei nama>name [neim]

[r] was vocalized to the neutral vowel [ә] when final or before another consonant in the 17^th cent. Eg: far [faә], bird As a result a number of new vowels appeared in E: a: (far), o: (fork), ε: (girl). Also such new diphthongs appeared iә, uә, εә (here, care, sure); thriphthongs [auә, ouә, aie] (our, lower, shire) + lengthening: arm, four