
- •Table of Contents
- •Preface
- •Translation theory Chapter 1. Historical overview of translation
- •1.1. The notion of translation theory
- •1.2. Trends in the development of translation theory
- •1.3. Branches in translation studies
- •The map of translation
- •1.4. The object of investigation, aims and tasks of linguistic translation theory. Methods of analysis
- •Chapter 2. Contrastive linguistics and translation studies
- •2.1. Interconnection of contrastive linguistics and translation studies
- •2.2. Major points of difference between contrastive linguistics and translation studies
- •2.3. Levels of comparative translation studies
- •Chapter 3. Theoretical models of translation
- •3.1. Models based on componential analysis
- •3.2. Sense-text model of translation
- •3.3. Situational models of translation
- •3.4. Pragmatic models of translation
- •3.5. Cultural-semiotic and cognitive models of translation
- •Chapter 4. Basic notions and categories of linguistic translation theory
- •4.1. The notion of translation
- •4.2. Typology of translation
- •4.3. The problem of the unit of translation
- •Chapter 5. Equivalence and adequacy of translation
- •5.1. Equivalence and adequacy of translation: points of difference
- •5.2. The problem of translatability
- •5.3. Adequate translation and the role of context
- •Chapter 6. Transformations in Translation
- •6.1. Translation transformations: definition, causes, classification
- •6.2. Levels of translation transformations, operations and techniques of translation
- •6.3. Classification of translation transformations according to techniques of translation
- •Chapter 7. Translation theory and lexis
- •7.1. Main types of semantic correlation of English and Russian words
- •7.2. The notion of lexical correspondences. The theory of regular correspondences by Ya.I.Retsker
- •7.2.1. Equivalent correspondences: definition, classification, types of equivalents
- •7.2.2. Variant correspondences: definition and the difference between variant correspondences and partial equivalents
- •7.2.3. Contextual correspondences: definition and types of contextual correspondences
- •7.3. Analogues as a special type of lexical correspondences. Drawbacks of translation analogues
- •Chapter 8. Translation studies and lexis (cont.)
- •8.1. Lexical problems of translation at word level
- •8.2. Translation of words having no equivalents in tl
- •8.3. Problems of translating neologisms
- •Chapter 9. Translation studies and lexis (cont.)
- •9.1. Ways of rendering proper names
- •9.2. International and pseudo-international words in translation
- •9.3. Translation of terms
- •Chapter 10. Translation studies and lexis (cont.)
- •10.1. Lexical problems of translation at word-group level
- •10.2. Problems of translating phraseological units
- •10.3. Modality in translation
- •Chapter 11. Translation studies and grammar
- •11.1. Two levels of grammatical problems of translation
- •11.2. Grammatical divergences of English and Russian
- •11.3. Translation problems at textual level
- •Chapter 12. Translation studies and grammar (cont.)
- •12.1. Passive voice forms in translation
- •12.2. Problems of rendering word order in translation
- •12.3. Ways of rendering tense-aspect forms
- •Chapter 13. Translation studies and grammar (cont.)
- •13.1. Ways of rendering the English article(s) in Russian translation
- •13.2. Problems of translating English absolute nominative constructions into Russian
- •13.3. Rendering Russian verbal adverb phrases in English
- •Chapter 14. Translation studies and style
- •14.1. Rendering newspaper headlines
- •14.2. Grammatical peculiarities of translating newspaper articles
- •Who?- (did) what? (how?) where? when?-why?
- •14.3. Lexico-phraseological and stylistic peculiarities of translating newspaper articles
- •Part II. Workshop in translation Unit # 1. Basic notions of translation studies Points for discussion
- •1. Read and compare the following Russian and English texts: analyse the units of translation chosen on different levels
- •Unit # 2. Translation correspondences Points for discussion
- •1. Translate the following text into Russian. Find and write out units of translation which have been translated by different types of lexical correspondences.
- •3. Translate the following sentences into English using appropriate correspondences
- •Unit # 3. Transformations in translation Points for discussion
- •I. Compare the following slt and tlt, state the types of all transformations made in translation
- •II.Translate into Russian making the necessary changes
- •III. Translate into English making use of appropriate transformations
- •Unit # 4. Lexical problems of translation Points for discussion
- •I. Suggest, where possible, different ways of translating the following proper names into Russian
- •II. Translate the following sentences into English. Explain the ways of translating words and word-groups having no correspondences in tl.
- •III. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian, analyse the ways of translating neologisms.
- •IV. Translate different kinds of shortened names:
- •V. Translate the following groups of “cultural words” and phrases:
- •Unit # 5. Lexical problems of translation (cont.) Points for discussion
- •I. Think of the ways of translating into English nationally specific Russian phraseological units:
- •II. Offer variants of translating the following terms:
- •III. Translate the text from English into Russian; qualify the underlined terms as international words proper and pseudointernational words:
- •IV. Translate into Russian the English headlines paying attention to premodified noun phrases:
- •V. Discuss different ways of rendering in Russian the imagery component of the following English phraseological units:
- •VI. Think of the ways of translating nationally specific Russian phraseological unis:
- •Unit # 6. Grammatical problems of translation (cont.)
- •1. Compare the following slt and tlt, find cases of different grammatical divergences and analyse the ways of their rendering
- •II. Compare the Russian slTs and English tlTs. Discuss levels of eguivalence achieved in various cases:
- •III. State the type and genre of the following texts, translate them into Russian/English, discuss translation problems at textual level
- •Please have your boarding pass ready
- •In return we offer varied interesting work which includes dealing with
- •33 Cambridge Gardens Hastings East Sussex
- •Unit # 7. Grammatical problems of translation (cont.) Points for discussion
- •I. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to Absolute Nominative constructions
- •II. Translate the following sentences into English, identify the means of compensating for Russian verbal adverb phrases
- •III. Translate the sentences into Russian using various means available in tl to make up for the English articles
- •IV. Translate specific English structures into Russian
- •Unit # 8. Grammatical problems of translation (cont.) Points for discussion
- •1. Translate the following texts into Russian paying attention to Passive voice structures:
- •II. Translate the following sentences into English /Russian, explain the ways of rendering tense-aspect forms:
- •III. Translate the following into English/Russian, state the ways of dealing with modality:
- •Unit # 9. Problems of style in translation
- •I. Suggest ways of translating English headlines:
- •IV. Compare the variants and choose the better of the two:
- •V.Translate into Russian the following abbreviations, state the types of tl correspondences
- •Unit # 10. Stylistic devices and expressive means in translation Points for discussion
- •I. Identify expressive means and stylistic devices in slTs and render them in English/Russian
- •II. Render the text in English, discuss transformations made to compensate for its stylistic features
- •III. Translate into English rendering properly imagery components of Russian lexical units:
- •IV. Compare the ways of rendering connotational properties of the English zoonames in Russian. Which of them do you find the most appropriate? Give your reasons.
- •V. Translate into English retaining the emotional effect of the means of creating emphasis in slTs
- •Part III sample tests test # 1: Lexical problems of translation
- •I. Translate into English. Explain the ways of translating phraseological units:
- •III. Translate the text into Russian. Find 3 examples of international words and 3 examples of pseudointernational words. Illustrate the differences in the latter case.
- •Test # 2: Lexical problems of translation
- •III. Translate the text into Russian. Find 3 examples of international words and 3 examples of pseudointernational words. Illustrate the differences in the latter case:
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English/Russain. State the ways of translating terms:
- •V. Translate into Russian using and stating the types of transformations:
- •VII. Translate the text into Russian, write out examples of different types of tl correspondences:
- •Test # 3: Grammatical problems of translation
- •I. Translate the following text into Russian, state the types of grammatical transformations used and explain their causes
- •II. Render the following sentences in English paying attention to compensatory means to make up for grammatical divergences:
- •III. Translate the sentences into Russian choosing means available in tl instead of the English article(s).
- •IV. Translate the text into Russian focusing on English attributive groups.
- •V. Render the sentences in Russian paying attention to English adverbial verbs
- •VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian using various compensatory means for Passive voice structures
- •Test # 4: Final Revision Test
- •I. Translate the text into Russian, analyse ways of translating terms
- •II. Translate into Russian the newspaper article, state different types of transformations used in translation
- •III. Render the following sentences in English, discuss the ways of rendering cultural words
- •IV. Translate the text into Russian, analyse the ways of rendering grammatical lacoonae
- •Test # 5: Final Revision Test
- •I. Render the following Russian/English headlines in English/ Russian, discuss transformations made in translation
- •II. Translate “cultural” terms into Russian, analyse the ways of their compensation
- •III. Translate into English paying attention to new Russsian coinages
- •IV. Translate the text into Russian, write out examples of different kinds of lexical correspondences
- •VI. Translate the follwing sentences into English/Russian, state the ways of translating terms
- •VII. Translate into English. Explain the ways of translating phraseological units
- •Appendix I
- •I. Study the scheme of translation analysis of a tlt, discuss the main requirements set for evaluating the quality of a translation text: scheme of translation analysis of a tlt
- •II. Compare the following English/Russian texts and their translations, make the translation analysis of the tlTs applying the scheme given above
- •1. Balance sheet layout
- •III. Translate the following texts from Russian /English into English/Russian. Make the translation analysis of the tlTs according to the points of the scheme relevant for the texts.
- •Compare the following definitions of translation offered by Russian and foreign scholars. Choose the one(s) that you like best giving your reasons
- •Requisites for Professional Translators
- •Competence in translation: a complex skill, how to study and how to teach it
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Lexicographic sources
- •List of fiction
VII. Translate into English. Explain the ways of translating phraseological units
1. Все щенки продались на ура.
2. Ехали они на чужой машине, и притом – «под градусом».
3. Мало кто способен нести свой крест с таким достоинством.
4. Его экономические подсчеты для многих кажутся китайской грамотой.
Appendix I
I. Study the scheme of translation analysis of a tlt, discuss the main requirements set for evaluating the quality of a translation text: scheme of translation analysis of a tlt
1. State the type and genre of a text.
2. Account for the choice of the translation strategy to render factual, conceptual and implicit information.
3. Determine the type, kind and genre of translation.
4. Discuss the factors explaining the choice of the units of translation on different language levels.
5. Exemplify basic types of semantic correlation of English and Russian words and find different kinds of lexical correspondences.
6. Show the role of linguistic micro- and macrocontext and the significance of extralinguistic context.
7. Discuss cases of semantic losses and account for them.
8. Analyse lexical problems of translation:
context-free words (proper and geographic names, precision lexis, etc);
context-bound words (polysemy, words of broad meaning, etc);
international and pseudointernational words;
neologisms and occasional words;
words having no equivalents, cultural words, terms;
word-groups and phraseological units;
9. Analyse grammatical problems of translation:
a) cases of partial grammatical coincidence;
b) cases of grammatical lacoonae.
10. Analyse ways of rendering expressive means and stylistic devices used in a SLT.
11. State the types of divergences between the SLT and TLT on the levels of lexis, grammar and style:
objective divergences due to differences between the SLT and TLT;
subjective differences due to translation solutions
communicatively relevant divergences;
communicatively irrelevant divergences.
12. Discuss linguistic peculiarities of rendering grammatical phenomena at pretextual and textual levels.
13. Account for translation transformations used in the process of translation, state the types and techniques of transformations.
14. Find examples of linguistic and cultural untranslatability.
15. Discuss compensatory means used in TL to overcome ethno-cultural gaps in translation (reflection of mentality, world view, life experience, stereotypes, cultural associations, etc).
16. Find cases that illustrate different levels of equivalence.
17. Analyse the correlation of adequacy and equivalence at pretextual and textual levels.
18. Assess the quality of translation using appropriate criteria.
II. Compare the following English/Russian texts and their translations, make the translation analysis of the tlTs applying the scheme given above
1. Balance sheet layout
You would not expect to go into a first-class store and see the goods for sale all mixed up and not laid out properly. You would expect that the goods would be displayed so that you could easily find them. Similarly, in balance sheets we do not want all the items shown in any order. We would really want them displayed so that desirable information couuld easily be seen. We are going to show the assets under two headings, Fixed Assets and Current Assets. Assets are called Fixed Assets when they are of long life, are to be used in the business and were not bought with the main purpose of resale. On the other hand, assets are called Current Assets when they represent cash or are primarily for conversion into cash or have a short life.There is a choice of two methods of listing the assets under their respective headings. The first, being the most preferable since it helps standardise the form of sole traders’ accounts with those of limited companies, is that the assets are listed starting with the most permanent asset, or to put it in another way, the most difficult to turn into cash, progressing to the asset which is least permanent or easiest to turn into cash. The other method, used by banks but ast falling into disuse in most other kinds of organizations, is the complete opposite. In this method it is the least permanent asset that appears first and the most permanent aset which appears last.
(Frank Wood. Business Accounting.)
Структура балансового отчета
Войдя в первоклассный магазин, Вы вряд ли столкнетесь с беспорядком, скорее всего товары, выставленные на продажу, будут представлены надлежащим образом. Естественно ожидать такого их размещения, при котором Вы легко сможете отыскать нужный Вам товар. Также и при составлении балансового отчета – в расположении статей нежелателен произвольный порядок. На самом деле, статьи нужно располагать так, чтобы необходимая информация легко читалась. Здесь сведения об активах записываются под двумя заголовками: Основные средства и Оборотные средства. Средства, имеющие долгий срок службы, используемые предприятием и в основном приобретенные не с целью их последующей перепродажи, называются основными средствами. С другой стороны, средства, представленные наличностью, предназначенные главным образом для превращения в наличные или имеющие короткий срок службы, называются оборотными средствами. Перечисление активов под соответствующими заголовками возможно двумя способами. Первый является более предпочтительным, так как он помогает привести к единому стандарту форму счетов индивидуального предпринимателя (торговца) и ту, которая применяется в обществах с ограниченной ответственностью. Он состоит в том, что активы располагаются, начиная с наиболее долговременного в использовании, или выражаясь другими словами, начиная со средств, которые труднее всего обратить в наличные, - к менее долговременным в использовании и легче обращаемым в денежные средства. Другой способ, используемый в банковском деле, но почти не используемый в большинстве других видов организаций, полностью противоположен первому. В этом случае сначала следуют наименее долговременные в использовании активы, а наиболее долговременные располагаются последними.
(Фрэнк Вуд. Бухгалтерский учет для предпринимателей.
Пер. Аскери О.М.-А., Аскери В.М.-А.)
2. На другой же день приступила она к исполнению своего плана, послала купить на базаре тостого полотна, синей китайки и медных пуговок, с помощью Насти скроила себе рубашку и сарафан, засадила за шитье всю девичью, и к вечеру все было готово. Лиза примерила обнову, повторила свою роль, на ходу низко кланялась и несколько раз потом качала головою, наподобие глиняных котов, говорила на крестьянском наречии, смеялась, закрываясь рукавом, и заслужила полное одобрение Насти. Одно затрудняло её: Она попробовала было пройти по двору босая, но дерн колол её нежные ноги, а песок и камушки показались ей нестерпимы. Настя и тут ей помогла: она сняла мерку с Лизиной ноги, сбегала в поле к Трофиму-пастуху и заказала ему пару лаптей по той мерке. На другой день, ни свет ни заря, Лиза уже проснулась. Весь дом ещё спал. Настя за воротами ожидала пастуха. Заиграл рожок, и деревенское стадо потянулось мимо барского двора. Трофим, проходя перед Настей, отдал ей маленькие пестрые лапти и получил от неё полтину в награждение. Лиза тихонько нарядилась крестьянкою, шепотом дала Насте свои наставления касательно мисс Жаксон, вышла на заднее крыльцо и через огород побежала в поле.
(А.С. Пушкин. Барышня-крестьянка)
The next day she went to work on the execution of her plan, sending to the market for thick homespun, blue print and brass buttons. With Nastya’s aid she cut out a blouse and a sarafan, and set all the servant-girls to work on it, so that by evening everything was ready. Lisa tried on her new attire, and to rehearse her part, she bowed low and walked about, tossing her head from side to side like one of those clay cats whose heads move in a socket, spoke in the local dialect, covering her mouth with her sleeve when she laughed, and earned the full approval of Nastya. The only difficulty arose when she tried walking about the yard barefoot, for the sand and gravel hurt her tender feet. Here, too, Nastya came to her aid. She took the measurement of Lisa’s foot, and ran into the fields to findthe shepherd Trofim, from whom she ordered a pair of bast shoes. Lisa was awake the next day before day-break, while the rest of the household was still sleeping. Nastya stood waiting at the gate for the shepherd to pass. The horn sounded and the village herds wound their way past the landowner’s house. As he went by, Trofim handed Nastya a pair of small, pretty bast shoes, for which he received fifty kopecks in payment.
(A.S. Pushkin. Lady into Lassie. Tr. by T. and I. Litvinov).