Unit V. Input devices
Exercise 1. Share your knowledge about the input devices, answering the questions.
What input devices do you know?
What input devices do you usually use when you work with a computer?
Exercise 2. Read the text and decide whether the following sentence is true.
The keyboard is the most common input device.
Most mice are used on digital technology,
Digital pens are mouse substitutes.
Today, joysticks are advanced optical-mechanical devices.
No matter how powerful the components inside your computer are, you need a way to interact with them. This interaction is called input/output (I/O).
The most common types of input devices in PCs-are:
Keyboard - The keyboard is the primary device for entering information into the computer. The keyboard is the most common input device. Most have a QWERTY typewriter layout.
Mouse - The mouse is the primary device for navigating and interacting with the computer. A mouse is optimized for pointing, clicking, dragging and dropping your way through the graphically oriented operating systems we use today. Most are used on optical or mechanical technology, with two to five buttons for selecting and manipulating text mid graphics. Some have a wheel that helps you automatically scroll through pages on the Internet.
Pens - Digital pens are mouse substitutes that are shaped like traditional pens but rely on handwriting recognition or line-drawing technology for interpretation by the computer. Pens come in corded and cordless models. Most pens also come with touch-sensitive pads for use as a mouse. Joystick - Joysticks plug into the 15-inch game port usually found on an audio card. In the past, joysticks were simple sticks that moved on x and у axes and had a single button. Today, joysticks are advanced digital-optical devices.
Voice - Voice input systems can have vocabularies in the tens of thousands or more and can be used to control your computer as well as to input documents. Many voice-input systems vary according to the rate of speech, measured in words per minute, that the system is capable of understanding.
Exercise 3.а) These words and expressions are in the text. Connect English words and expressions with their Ukrainian equivalents.
layout
input/output
a wheel
a substitute
handwriting recognition
common
the rate of speech
to drag
9., 10. to drop
to select
to click
to manipulate text
to navigate
to point
to plug into
to vary
to interact
a. "клікати", натискати на клавішу миші
b. вибирати
c. вводити інформацію в
d. найпоширеніший
e. відпускати
f. вказувати
g. темп мови
h. переміщати
i. взаємодіяти
j. замінник
k. розкладка (клавіатури)
l. просунутий
m. коліщатко, скроллер
n. ввід / вивід
o. розпізнавання подчерка
p. управляти
to enter information into
advanced
according to
q. включати в
r. різнитися
b) Place these words and expressions in order of their appearance in the text.
c) In pairs will train in the translation of these words and expressions. Student 1 names words in Ukrainian, and student 2 translates them into English.
Exercise 4. Translate the words in brackets in English
1. The keyboard (вводить інформацію) into the computer.
2.A user can (керувати текстом) using a mouse.
3.Nowadays specialists use the most (розвинуті, просунуті) technologies to produce computer hardware.
4.The mouse is the primary device for (керування) and (взаємодії) with the computer.
5. The pen relies on (розпізнавання почерку).
6.Mice vary (згідно) the technology they are based on.
7.Most keyboards have a QWERTY typewriter (розкладку).
8.Will you (ввімкнути) the joystick into the port, please?
Exercise 5. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the marked grammatical phenomena. Explain these grammatical phenomena
1. The primary device for entering information into the computer is called a keyboard.
2. The most common input device is a keyboard.
3.Most users use a keyboard and a mouse to input information into the computer.
4. The mouse is a device designed for navigating and interacting with the computer.
5. The mouse is optimized for pointing, clicking, dragging and dropping.
6. Most mice are used on optical or mechanical technology, with two to five buttons for selecting and manipulating text and graphics.
7. Some mice have a wheel that helps you automatically scroll through pages on the Internet.
8.Digital pens are mouse substitutes that are shaped like traditional pens.
Exercise 6. Translate the sentences in English, using Ex. 5
1. Сканнер - це пристрій, який використовується для введення інформації в комп'ютер.
2. Core i3 - найпоширеніший процесор.
3. Більшість користувачів використовують мишу зі скроллером.
4. Деякі користувачі використовують джойстик для комп'ютерних ігор.
5. Миша заснована на оптичній або лазерній технології.
6. Голосові пристрої введення використовуються для контролю комп'ютера.
7. Миша може бути провідною або бездротовою.
|
comes with touch-sensitive pads for use as a mouse. |
is a device for navigating the computer. |
|
relies on handwriting recognition. |
|
is an advanced digital-optical device. |
|
The keyboard |
has a QWERTY typewriter layout. |
The mouse |
is used on optical or mechanical technology. |
The pen |
is the most common input device. |
I he joystick |
is used for selecting and manipulating text and graphics. |
The voice |
is a mouse substitute. |
|
is the primary device for entering information. |
comes in corded and cordless models and has a wheel. |
|
is optimized for pointing, clicking, dragging and dropping. |
8. Цифрова ручка це пристрій, який засновано на технології розпізнаванні почерку.
Exercise 7. You are the only employee of the company who knows English. Your boss has asked you to translate text "Input devices" How would you do that?
Exercise 8. Using the text, connect the columns to obtain the correct sentence.
Exercise 9. a) In pairs, complete the following tasks using the Exercise 8. Student 1 describes one input device, without naming it. Student 2 guesses. Then you can change.
b) Student 1 thinks of the part of the computer. Student 2 guesses with common questions. Student 1 can only answer "yes" or "no." For example: The keyboard
Exercise 10.а) Check how well you remember the information about the input devices. Finish the sentences without using the text.
The most common types of...
The keyboard is the primary device for ...
Most have a QWERTY ...
The mouse is the primary device for ...
A mouse is optimized for ...
Most are used on optical or...
Digital pens are ...
Pens rely on handwriting recognition or ...
Pens come in corded and ,..
Joysticks plug into the 15-inch game port...
In the past, joysticks were ,,
Today, joysticks are ...
Voice input systems can have ...
Voice input systems can be used to control … . Many voice-input systems vary according to ...
b) Retell the text "Input Devices", imagining that you are a participant of a student’s conference on problems of computer technology. You have been given a word. What would you say?
c) Situation in Ex. 10b can be repeated. Now you can add a translator who will translate your speech from English to Ukrainian and from Ukrainian to English.
Exercise 11. Translate the text in English
Клавіатура потрібна для управління комп'ютером і введення інформації. Клавіатура ПК схожа на клавіатуру друкарської машинки. Окрім буквених і цифрових, є функціональні клавіші.
ПК також обладнаний мишею - пристроєм ручного управління, яке сполучається з ПК «хвостом» - кабелем. Усередині миші знаходиться кулька. Вона обертається, коли миша рухається по поверхні. Пов'язані з кулькою датчики посилають в ПК сигнали, і курсор на екрані повторює рух миші. Цей пристрій використовується для швидкого вибору пунктів меню, що з'являються на екрані: курсор підводять до потрібного пункту і натискають клавішу миші. Мишею можна пересувати по екрану слова і картинки, а також креслити лінії.
UNIT VI. HOW MICROPROCESSORS WORK
Exercise 1. In pairs or in groups, discuss the following questions.
What is the most important hardware part in any computer?
What do you know about the history of microprocessors?
What processor is the most powerful?
Exercise 2. Read the text and select three sentences best describing the work of the processor.
The microprocessor, or CPU, is the heart of any normal computer, whether it is a desktop machine, a server or a laptop. It is a single computer chip about the size of a matchbox. Its many legs or pins are inserted into the motherboard. The CPU, which does the bulk of your PC's thinking, is the motor behind your software.
The CPU is a kind of a traffic cop. The information is constantly flowing back and forth between the various parts of the PC and the CPU. The CPU stands in the middle, deciding what goes where. One of the CPU's jobs is to control the information flow. When you type at the keyboard, the CPU receives every keystroke and redirects it to the right place. When you print a letter, the CPU takes the
characters from the screen or the disk and sends them through the cable that connects your PC to your printer. The CPU gets its orders from the software programs that are loaded into the computer memory. A microprocessor executes a collection of machine instructions that tell the processor what to do. Based on the instructions, a microprocessor does three basic things:
Using its ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor can perform mathematical operations like addition/subtraction, multiplication and division.
A microprocessor can move data from one memory location to another.
A microprocessor can make decisions and jump to a new set of instructions based on those decisions.
Exercise 3.а) These words and expressions are in the text. Connect English words and expressions with their Ukrainian equivalents.
b) Place these words and expressions in order of their appearance in the text.
c) In pairs will train in the translation of these words and expressions. Student 1 names words in Ukrainian, and student 2 translates them into English
1.a matchbox
2. a traffic cop
3. a keystroke
4. bulk
5. addition
6. subtraction
7. multiplication
8. division
9. location
10. to load
11. to execute instructions
12. to perform operations
13. to move
14. to decide
15. to flow
16. to receive
17. to redirect
18. to insert
a. виконувати операції
b. вставляти
c. завантажувати
d. основна частина
е. виконувати інструкції
f. переміщувати
g. регулювальник
h. віднімання
i. натискування клавіші
j. множення
k. перенаправляти
l. отримувати
m. додавання
n. сірникова коробка
o. переміщувати, рухати
p. ділення
q. вирішувати
r. розміщення
5. The CPU stand in the middle, decide what go where.
6. One of CPU jobs is control the information flow.
7.CPU gets its orders from the software programs that loaded into the computer memory.
Exercise 6. Translate the sentences in English, using Ex. 5
1. Мікропроцесор - це комп'ютерний чіп, який є серцем будь-якого комп'ютера.
2. Мікропроцесор контролює потік інформації.
3. Численні інструкції виконуються процесором дуже швидко.
4. Основна частина потоку інформації проходить через процесор.
5. Одне із завдань процесора виконання таких математичних операцій, як додавання, віднімання, множення і ділення.
6. Процесор отримує завдання з програми, яка завантажується в пам'ять комп'ютера.
Exercise 7. Your friend who does not speak English, asked you to translate the text "How Microprocessors Work". How would you translate it?
Exercise 8. Read the text and decide whether the following sentences are true. If they aren’t – correct them.
A microprocessor chip is as small as a matchbox.
The motherboard is a part of a microprocessor.
One of the CPU'S jobs is to control the information flow.
The CPU gets its orders from the hardware programs that are loaded into the computer memory.
A microprocessor can perform mathematical operations but can't make decisions and jump to a new set of instructions.
Exercise 9.a) Using the text, write the questions matching the following answers:
The microprocessor.
About the size of a matchbox.
Into the motherboard.
Between the various parts of the PC and the CPU.
To control the information flow.
From the software programs.
A microprocessor can perform mathematical operations, it can move data from one memory
location to another and it can make decisions and jump to a new set of instructions
b)Use the questions and answers to make the dialogue. Act out the following scenario. Imagine that you are studying at an American college. You are preparing for the exam in the computer hardware. You discuss with another student one of the questions for the exam.
Exercise 10. a) Finish the sentences, using the text.
It in a single computer chip ...
Its many legs or pins are ...
The CPU is a kind of like a ...
The information is constantly ...
One of the CPU's jobs is to ...
When you type at the keyboard» ...
When you print a letter, ...
The CPU gets its orders from ...
Based on the instructions, a microprocessor...
A microprocessor can ...
b) Retell the text "A Personal Computer is a General-Purpose Device'', imagining that you are a member of a student’s conference on computer technology. You have been given a word. What would you say?
c) Situation in Ex. 106 may be repeated. Now you can add an interpreter who will translate your speech from English to Ukrainian and from Ukrainian to English.
Exercise 11. Translate the following text in English.
Компанія AMD збирається до кінця цього року припинити виробництво процесорів Duron, які призначаються для недорогих комп'ютерів. У всякому разі, у планах компанії на 2003 рік Duron'и не значаться. Таке рішення прийнято у зв'язку із скорим випуском процесорів сімейства Hammer. Перший чіп цього сімейства під назвою Claw Hammer повинен як раз з'явитися в кінці року. AMD приготувала йому роль основного свого процесора для настільних ПК і ноутбуків. А нинішній лідер Athlon займе місце Duron'а тобто стане процесором для дешевих комп'ютерів.
UNIT VII. DEFINING RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
Exercise 1. Share your knowledge about the types of computer memory by answering the questions.
What types of computer memory do you know?
What are they used for?
What is the difference between them?
Exercise 2. Read the text, find the most relevant information about RAM and tell us about it into Ukrainian
Random-access memory (RAM) is the best known form of computer memory. RAM is a type of short-term memory; when power is turned off, the information is lost.
A memory chip is an integrated circuit (1С) made of millions of transistors and capacitors. They come in different shapes and sizes.
Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) chips are the most common type of computer memory, and they need to be energized hundreds of times per second to hold the information.
DRAM has memory cells with a paired transistor and capacitor requiring constant refreshing, This refresh operation is where dynamic RAM gets its name. Dynamic RAM has to be dynamically refreshed all of the time or it forgets what it is holding. The downside of all of this refreshing is that it takes time and slows down the memory.
Static RAM uses a completely different technology. Static random access memory uses multiple transistors, typically four to six, for each memory cell but doesn't have a capacitor in each cell.
Static RAM never needs to be refreshed. This makes static RAM significantly faster than dynamic RAM. However, because it has more parts, a static memory ceil takes a lot more space on a chip than a dynamic memory cell Therefore you get less memory per chip? and that makes static RAM a lot more expensive.
Exercise З. а) These words and expressions are in the text. Connect English words and expressions with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. random-access memory
2. refreshing
3. downside
4. space
5. to turn on/off
6. to hold the information
7. to slow down
8. to require
9. significantly
10. constant
11. short-term memory
12. an integrated circuit
13. a transistor
14. a capacitor
15. a cell
a. значно
b. вмикати / вимикати
c. утримувати інформацію
d. транзистор
e. конденсатор
f. недолік
g. осередок
h. вимагати
i. інтегральна мікросхема
j. короткострокова пам'ять
k. оновлення
l. постійний
m. сповільнювати
n. оперативна пам'ять
o. місце, простір
b) Place these words and expressions in order of their appearance in the text.
c) In pairs will train in the translation of these words and expressions. Student 1 names words in Ukrainian, and student 2 translates them into English.
Exercise 4. The following sentences are missing some words. Fill in the blanks with words given in Ex. 3a .
I. When you begin to work you … your computer, when you finish to work you … … it.
2. The motherboard is … … ... that forms the foundation of a computer.
3. Today computers … are ... more powerful than they were 10 years ago.
4 The computer ... it that it can break down.
5. A memory chip is made of millions of ... and ... .
6. Memory is a part of a computer used to .......
7. A cheap processor can ... ... the work of a computer.
Exercise 5. Translate the sentences in Ukrainian paying attention to the marked grammatical phenomena. Explain these grammatical phenomena
1.Random-access memory (RAM) is the best known form of computer memory.
2. RAM is a type of short-term memory; when, power is turned off, the information is lost.
3.A memory chip is an integrated circuit (1С) made of millions of transistors and capacitors.
4. DRAM has memory ceils with a paired transistor and capacitor requiring constant refreshing.
5. The downside of all of this refreshing is that it takes time and slows down the memory.
6. Static RAM never needs to be refreshed.
7.This makes static RAM significantly faster than dynamic RAM.
Exercise 6. Translate to English sentences containing grammatical phenomena from Ex. 5
1. Оперативна пам'ять - один з найбільш поширених видів пам'яті.
2. Базова система введення і виведення завантажується, коли ви вмикаєте комп'ютер.
3. Статична оперативна пам'ять швидше, ніж динамічна.
4. Чіп ОЗУ - це інтегральна мікросхема, що складається з мільйонів транзисторів і конденсаторів.
5. У наші дні пам'ять вміщує в себе значно більше інформації, ніж 10 років тому.
Exercise 7. Prepare translation of the text "Random-access memory" in Ukrainian.
Exercise 8. а) Find the answers for the following questions in the text.
Why is RAM a type of short-term memory?
What is a memory chip made of?
What are the main RAM types?
Why is DRAM called dynamic?
Why is static RAM called static?
b)Using the above questions (Exercise 8a), make a dialogue and act out the following scenario. You are the head of the section "Young hacker". You need to answer the questions from a member of your section.
Exercise 9. Try the following creative and analytical job. Compare the two main types of memory: DRAM and static RAM. Find the common and distinctive features. You can use these words and phrases: dynamic random-access memory, static random access memory, the most common type of, to be energized, a paired transistor and capacitor, to be dynamically refreshed, slow down, multiple transistors, faster than, take a lot more space, make a lot more expensive.
Exercise 10. To complete this task you will need imagination and creative approach. Tell us about the memory as the memory itself. You can start with the following: "I’m random access memory and I’d like to tell you about myself, I‘m the best known form of computer memory"
Exercise 11. Translate the following text into English
Для зберігання інформації використовуються різні пристрої. Відрізняються вони ємністю пам'яті і часом доступу до неї. Оперативна пам'ять комп'ютера найшвидша. Щоб дістати з неї число або слово, достатньо мільйонних долей секунди. Зазвичай ємність оперативної пам'яті порівняно невелика – лише декілька гігабайт. Оперативна пам'ять знаходиться всередині самого комп'ютера.
UNIT VIII. DEFINING READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
Exercise l. Share your knowledge about the types of computer memory by answering the questions.
What types of computer memory do you know?
What are they used for?
What is the difference between them?
Exercise 2. Read the text and select three sentences best describing the operating memory.
Similar to RAM, ROM chips contain a grid of columns and rows. But where the columns and rows intersect, ROM chips are fundamentally different from RAM chips. While RAM uses transistors to turn on or off access to a capacitor at each intersection,
ROM uses a diode to connect the lines if the value is 1. If the value is 0, then the lines are not connected at all.
You cannot reprogram or rewrite a standard ROM chip. If it is incorrect, or the data needs to be updated, you have to throw it away and start over. Creating the original template for a ROM chip is often a laborious process full of trial and error.
But the benefits of ROM chips outweigh the drawbacks. Once the template is completed, the actual chips can cost as litile as a few cents each.
They use very little power, are extremely reliable and, in the ease of most small electronic devices, contain all the necessary programming to control the device. A great example is the small chip in the singing fish toy. This chip, about the size of your fingernail, contains the 30-second song clips in ROM and the control codes to synchronize the motors to the music.
Exercise 3.а) These words and expressions are in the text. Connect English words and expressions with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. read only memory
2. access
3. a template
4. trial and error
5. benefit
6. drawback
7. a column
8. a row
9. a diode
10. to complete
11. to create
12. to update
13. to intersect
14. to throw away
15. to outweigh
16. laborious
17. reliable
a. перевага
b. перетинати
c. колонка
d. модернізувати
e. шаблон, модель, лекало
f. ряд
g. постійна пам'ять
h. заповнювати
i. викидати
j. перевершувати
k. метод проб і помилок
l. трудомісткий
m. надійний
n. діод
o. недолік
p. створювати
q.допуск
b) Place these words and expressions in order of their appearance in the text.
c) In pairs will train in the translation of these words and expressions. Student 1 names words in Ukrainian, and student 2 translates them into English.
Exercise 4. Translate the words in brackets in English
1. Nowadays you cаn (модернізувати) computer in any computer shop.
2 The user can study the computer by (методом проб і помилок) but it's not the best variant.
3. (Діод) is used in every electronic device.
4.The computer (перевага) is that it can process a lot of information.
5.The computer (недолік) is in its little reliability.
6. Program creating is a very (трудомісткий) process. 7. If you have written the wrong program (відкиньте) it away and create a new one.
Exercise 5. Translate in Ukrainian paying attention to the marked grammatical phenomena. Explain these grammatical phenomena
1.While RAM uses transistors to turn on or off access to a capacitor at each intersection, ROM uses a diode to connect the lines if the value is 1.
2.If it is incorrect, or the data needs to be updated, you have to throw it away and start over.
3. Creating the original template for a ROM chip is often a laborious process.
4. Once the template is completed, the actual chips can cost as little as a few cents each.
Exercise 6. Translate the sentences containing grammatical phenomena from Ex. 5. in English
1. Створення комп'ютерної гри - це трудомісткий процес.
2. Програмісти повинні володіти достатніми знаннями для написання програми.
3. Якщо вам необхідно модернізувати постійну пам'ять, ви можете зробити це в будь-якому комп'ютерному магазині.
4. Пам'ять повністю була заповнена, і користувач Вася не зміг встановити "Star Craft II", тому йому довелося встановлювати тетріс.
Exercise 7. Act out the following scenario. You are the head of the section "Young hacker". You’ve come to Ukraine. You have been asked to translate the text "Defining Read Only Memory (ROM) for Ukrainian young hackers. How would you translate it?
Exercise8. Arrange the following sentences in the order of their appearance in the text.
It is difficult to create the original template for a ROM chip.
They use very little power, are extremely reliable.
RAM uses transistors to turn on or off access to a capacitor at each intersection
A great example is the small chip in the singing fish toy.
The ROM chips are cheap.
You cannot reprogram or rewrite a standard ROM chip.
ROM uses a diode to connect the lines.
Exercise 9. Compare operational (RAM) and permanent (ROM) types of memory. Find the common and distinctive features.
Exercise 10. To complete this task you will again need the imagination and creative approach. Act out the dialogue as operational and permanent memory. Tell us how they work.
Exercise 11. Translate the following text in English
Нова технологія комп'ютерної пам'яті з високою пропускною здатністю допоможе користувачам забути всі неприємності, пов'язані з перезавантаженням (rebooting) комп'ютера. Також новий стандарт енергонезалежної пам'яті дозволить підвищити швидкість збереження і читання великих обсягів даних на постійних носіях інформації. Розроблена вченими пам'ять енергонезалежна, тобто можна сміливо вимикати комп'ютер і нічого не пропаде. Коли живлення буде знову включено, система і всі додатки будуть в тому ж стані, що і на момент вимикання. Принцип дії елементів пам'яті заснований на зміні опору під впливом керуючої напруги. Нова технологія резистивної пам'яті може дати початок новому поколінню масової пам'яті для комп'ютерів.