- •1. The verb. The Perfect
- •2. The preposition (Pr)
- •3. The noun. The category of number
- •4. Segmental and suprasegmental units
- •5 The definition of a word. Notional words.
- •6 The Stative. The Particle. The Modal words.
- •7 Nature of language.
- •8. Participle II.
- •10. The pronoun. The numeral.
- •11 Types of grammatical categories
- •12. Communicative types of sentences.
- •13 Correlation
- •14. The verb.Verbals. The adverb.
- •16. Adjective.Degrees of comparison
- •17. The Verb. Tense
- •19. Different types of morphemes (m).
- •20. The phrase. Types of p.
- •21.The Verb Voice
- •22. Complex sentences. Types of clauses.
- •23. The article
- •24.The sentence. Classification of of sentence. Types of sentence.
- •25. The verb. The category of mood.
- •28.The Adjective. Substantivisation of Adjectives. Adjectivisation of Nouns.
- •29. Functional sentence perspective
- •30. The Noun: Case.
- •31 Types of oppositions.
- •32. The Conjunction.
- •33. Main parts of the sentence
- •34. Paradigmatic structure of a sentence
- •35.Composite sentences
- •36.Semi-compound sentences
- •37. Compound sentences
- •38. The place of grammar in the system of language. The two planes of the language.
- •39.Complex sentence
- •40. The Morphemic composition of modern English words.
40. The Morphemic composition of modern English words.
The morphological system of language reveals its properties through the morphemic structure of words. Morphology as part of grammatical theory faces the two segmental units: the morpheme and the word
It is very difficult to give a rigorous (точное) and at the same time universal definition to the word, because the word is an extremely complex phenomenon. Sometimes the word is defined as the minimal potential sentence, the minimal free linguistic form, the elementary component of the sentence, the articulate sound-symbol, the grammatically arranged combination of sounds with meaning, the meaningfully integral and immediately identifiable lingual unit, the uninterrupted string of morphemes, etc., etc. None of these definitions has the power to precisely cover all the lexical segments of language.
The morpheme is a meaningful segmental component of the word; the morpheme is formed by phonemes; as a meaningful component of the word it is elementary.
The word is a nominative unit of language; it is formed by morphemes; it enters the lexicon of language as its elementary component, together with other nominative units the word is used for the formation of the sentence - a unit of information in the communication process.
In traditional grammar in the study of the morphemic structure of the word (Henry Sweet, Smimitsky) there are two basic criteria: positional criterion and semantic or functional criterion The combination of these two criteria in an integral description has led to the national classification of morphemes that is widely used both in research linguistic work and in practical lingual tuition. Morphemes on the upper level are divided into root-morphemes (roots) and affixal morphemes (affixes). The roots express the concrete, "material" part of the meaning of the word, while the affixes express the specificational part of the meaning of the word. The affixal morphemes include prefixes, suffixes, and inflexions.
The morphemic composition of modern English words has a wide range of varieties. Thus, the abstract complete morphemic model of the common English word is the following: prefix •+ root + lexical suffix +grammatical suffix. The syntagmatic connections of the morphemes within the model form two types of hierarchical structure. W,= {[Pr + (R + L)]"+Gr} W2= {[(Pr+R)+L]-t-Gr)
The first is characterized by the original prefixal stem (e.g. prefabricated), the second is characterized by the original suffixal stem (e.g. inheritors).
Speaking about grammar-semantic character of words, there exist 3 main criteria:
semantic properties of words (meaning)
formal properties (form)
functional properties (syntactic function)