38. The place of grammar in the system of language. The two planes of the language.

Language is a means of forming, storing & exchanging ideas as re­flections of extralinguistic reality. Language is social by nature; people are its creators and users; it grows and devel­ops together with the development of society.

The three constituent parts ("sides") of the language are:

1. the phonological system- the foundation of language,

2. the lexical system - the whole set of naming means of lan­guage,

3. the grammatical system - the whole set of regularities.

The unity of these three elements forms a language.

Each of the three constituent parts of language is studied by a particular linguistic discipline.

Grammatical scholars believed that the only purpose of gram­mar was to give strict rules of writing and speaking correctly. Nowadays scholars construct and analyze incorrect utterances in order to formulate better rules for the construction of correct ones.

The nature of grammar as a constituent part of language is based on the two planes of language: 1. the plane of content; 2. the plane of expression. The plane of content comprises semantic elements of the language; the plane of expression comprises the material (formal) units of language taken by themselves. The two planes are closely connected: no meaning can be realized without formal means of expression. Grammatical elements present a unity of content and expression (a unity of form and meaning).

As a result, the purpose of grammar is to find out and formulate the regularities of the correspondence between the plane of content and the plane of expression in the process of speech production.

The systemic nature of grammar is evident. It is connected with linguistics. Ex: colour-colours. The number of noun is the sphere of grammar, but here we see the process of lexicalization too.Grammar is also connected with pragmalinguistic, descriptive linguistic and other branches of linguistics

39.Complex sentence

The Complex sentence is a polypredicative construction built up on the principle of subordination. It is derived from two or more base sentences one of which performs the role of a matrix in relation to the others, the insert sentences. When joined into one complex sentence, the matrix base sentence becomes the principle clause of it & the insert sentences, its subordinate clauses. The complex sentence of minimal composition includes two clauses - a principal one and a subordinate one.

Subordinate clauses can be joined to principal one by means of subordination or asyndetically. The means of expressing subordination are more numerous. There is here a great variety of conjunctions: when, after, before, while, till, until, though, although, albeit, that, as, because, since; a number of phrases performing the same function: as soon as, as long as, so long as, notwithstanding that, in order that, according as, etc. Besides, a certain number of conjunctive words are used: the relative pronouns who, which, that, whoever, whatever, whichever, and the relative adverbs where, how, whenever, wherever, however, why, etc.

Subordinators fall into the two basic types: those that occupy a notional position and those that are non-positional subordinators (pure conjunctions).The structural features of the principal clause differ with different types of subordinate clauses, i.e. various types of subordinate clauses specifically affect the principal clause from the point of view of the degree of its completeness.

There are two main principles of classification of subordinate clauses:

1. According to the functional principle, subordinate clauses are to be classed on the analogy of the positional parts of the simple sentence, since it is the structure of the simple sentence that underlies the essential structure of the complex sentence.

2. According to the categorial principle, subordinate clauses are to be classed by their nominative properties irrespective of their immediate positional relations in the sentence. From the point of view of their general nominative features all the subordinate clauses can be divided into 3 categorial-semantic groups:

1. The first group includes clauses that name an event as a certain fact. These pure fact-clauses may be terminologically defined as "substantive-nominal".

e. g. That his letters remained unanswered annoyed him very much. 2. The second group of clauses also name an event-fact, but this event-fact is referred to as giving a characteristic to some substantive entity (which, in its turn, may be represented by a clause or a phrase or a substantive lexeme). Such clauses can be called "qualification-nominal".e. g. The man who came In the morning left a message. 3. The third group of clauses make their event-nomination into a dynamic relation characteristic of another event or a process or a quality of various descriptions. They are called "adverbial"(gives quality of descriptions). e. g. Describe it as you see it.

All subordinate clauses are also classified into:

1. clauses of primary nominal positions (subject, predicative, objective clauses)

2. clauses of secondary nominal positions (attributive clauses)

3. clauses of adverbial positions (include clauses of time, place, manner, comparison, of different circumstantial semantics: of condition, reason, result, cause, concession, purpose).