24.The sentence. Classification of of sentence. Types of sentence.

The sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech built up of words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a certain communicative purpose. The main peculiar features of the sentence are: integrity, syntactic independence, grammatical, semantic, intonational & communicative completeness, communicative functioning, predicativity, and modality. There are 2 principles of classification. 1. According to the purpose of the utterance: declarative, interrogative, exclamatory and imperative sentences. 2. according to the structure. Here we state two main types: simple and composite; two-member and one- member sentences. Types of Sentences According to the Types of Communication:

1.Declarative

2.Interrogative

3.Imperative

Interrogative sentences are characterized by a special word order. There very few modal words are used, as the meanings of some modal words are incompatible with the meaning of an interrogative sentence. modal words are hardly used at all in imperative sentences either.

The notion of exclamatory sentences and their relation to the three established types of declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences presents some difficulty. On the one hand, every sentence may be exclamatory, convey the speaker's feelings and have emphatic intonation. If we accept this view, we deal with:

1. Declarative (including emotional ones)

2. Interrogative (including emotional ones)

3. Imperative (including emotional ones)

4. Exclamatory

This view would avoid the awkward contradiction of exclamatory sentences constituting a special type and belonging to the first three types at the same time.

Types of Sentences According to Structure:

1. Simple

2. Composite

The simple sentence – a sentence in which only one predicative line is expressed.

The composite sentence, as different from the simple one, is formed by two or more predicative lines.

Sentence has its own contents. Content- logical judgement or opposition. Members of the sentence: words, phrases and their syntactical meaning. Subject- the main thing, predicate- what we speak about the subject. There is also the difference between the logical structure of the sentence and its form. A sentence in active communication has a lot of meaningful features( smth that is outside the sentence). Utterance governs the behavior of the speaker and it indicates the structure of the sentence.

25. The verb. The category of mood.

Verb is a part of speech with grammatical meaning of process, action. Verb performs the central role of the predicative function of the sentence. The verb is characterised by an elaborate system of morphological categories, some of which are, however, controversial. These are: tense, aspect, mood, voice, person, and number.The category of mood is the most controversial category of the verb.

The Category of Mood

The category of Mood expresses the relations between the action, denoted by the verb, and the actual reality from the point of view of the speaker.

The category of mood in the present English verb has given rise to so many discussions, and has been treated in so many different ways, that it seems hardly possible to arrive at any more less convincing and universally acceptable conclusion concerning it.

Ilyish- 3 moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)- meaningform;

One of the important differences between the indicative and the other moods is that the meaning of “tense” does not go with the meanings of subjunctive mood and imperative mood. The imperative and the subjunctive moods represent the action as desired or imagined, and the notions of real time are discarded. Subjunctive mood includes forms homonymous with Past and Past Perfect, but they differ in time correlation.

26. The verb. Aspect. The category of aspect. There are 2 sets of forms in the Modern English verb which are contrasted on the principle of use or non-use of the pattern "be + first participle»: writes — is writing. The difference between them is: an action going on continuously within certain time limits/ an action, occurring repeatedly or everlasting & not limited. Not every verb is commonly used in the form "be + first participle". Thus, the verbs see, hope, like, fear and others, though denoting perception or feelings, may be found in this form, e. g. It was as if she were seeing herself for the first time. We also find the verb look used in a continuous form where it means 'have the air', not 'cast a look'. The terms continuous & common aspects are used to denote these two sets of forms of the Modern English verb. H.Sweet, O.Jespersen put these forms among the tense forms of the verb. However, the word "tense" disguises the fact that we deal here with a peculiar grammatical category. Another term, "expanded form", or "progressive form" cannot be applied there either, as we might speak of the past form, or of the passive form, etc. “Expanded” gives a characteristic of the analytical structure of the form, without indicating its meaning. “Progressive” indicates the meaning, but is hardly preferable to the adjective continuous. It is preferable to use the term "continuous aspect" .The problem of aspect deals with a lexicological problem. For durative verbs of the sit type: the sentence with the common aspect form is more matter-of-fact & "dry", the one with the continuous aspect form is more descriptive. The difference may be neutralised. Не sat in the corner-He was sitting in the corner. For terminative verbs of the bring type: the sentences with the common case provide us with the results, show that the action is completed; the sentences with the continuous case show that the action is not completed, has no results. He brought her some flowers & He was bringing her some flowers. The Russian verb has two aspects, the perfective and the imperfective. It is obvious at once that there is no direct correspondence between English and Russian aspects; for instance, the English continuous aspect is not identical with the Russian imperfective. If we have the sentence He brought her some flowers and if we substitute was bringing for brought and say, He was bringing her some flowers, the meaning will be affected and the two facts will be different. With the common aspect form brought the sentence means that the flowers actually reached her, whereas the continuous aspect form means that he had the flowers with him but something prevented him from giving them to her. Here we shall have to touch on a lexicological problem, without which the treatment of the continuous aspect cannot be complete.

27. A simple sentence. . Among different types of sentences treated in a syntactic investigation it is naturally the simple sentence that comes first. It is with specimens of simple sentences that we study such categories as parts of the sentence, main and secondary; homogeneous members, word order, etc. It is also with specimens of simple sentences that we illustrate such notions as declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences, as two-member and one-member sentences, and so forth. As long as we limit ourselves to the study of simple sentences, the notion of "clause" need not occur at all.

It has been usual for some time now to classify sentences into two-member and one-member sentences. ¹

This distinction is based on a difference in the so-called main parts of a sentence. We shall therefore have to consider the two problems, that of two-member and one-member sentences and that of main parts of the sentence, simultaneously.

In a sentence like Helen sighed there obviously are two main parts: Helen, which denotes the doer of the action and is called (grammatical) subject, and sighed, which denotes the action performed by the subject and is called (grammatical) predicate. Sentences having this basic structure, viz. я word (or phrase) to denote the doer of the action and another word (or phrase) to denote the action, are termed two-member sentences. However, there are sentences which do not contain two such separate parts; in these sentences there is only one main part: the other main part is not there and it could not even be supplied, at least not without a violent change in the structure of the sentence. Examples of such sentences, which are accordingly termed one-member sentences, are the following: Fire! Come on!