22. Complex sentences. Types of clauses.

Complex sent-ce is a polypredicative construction built up on the principle of subordination. It’s derived from 2 or more base sent-ces, one of which performes the role of a matrix in relation to the others, the insert sentences. C. s. Of minimal composition includes 2 clauses: a principal 1 & a subordinate 1. the subordinate clause is joined to the principal 1 either by a subordinate connector or with some types of clauses, asydentically. The structural features of the principle clause differ with different types of subclauses. In particular, various types of subordinate clauses specifically affect the principle clause from the point of view of the degree of its completeness. The principle clause dominates the subordinate clause positionally, but it doesn’t mean that by its syntactic status it must express the central informative part of the communication. There are 2 different bases of classification of subordinate clauses: functional & categorial. According to the functiona principle, subordinate clauses are to be classed on the analogy of the positional parts of the simple sentence. Accord. to the categorial principle, subordinate clauses are to be classed by their inherent nominative properties irrespective of their immediate positional relations in the sentence. All the subordinate clauses can be devided into 3 categorial-semantic groups:

1) this group includes clauses that name an event as a certain fact – “substantive-nominal” (clauses of primary nominal positions (subject, predicate, object));they are interchangeableEX-LE: What you saw at the film is just what I want to know/What I want to know is just what you saw at the film.

2) this group also name an event-fact but this event-fact is referred to as giving a characteristic to some substantive entity – “qualification-nominal”(clauses of second nominal position (attributive: “descriptive”, “restrictive”=limiting)The diff-nce b/n descript and restrict lies in their function; 3) this group make their event-nomination into a dynamic relation characteristic of another event or a process or a quality of various descriptions – “adverbial”. 4 main groups:1.clauses of adverbial positions (of time, place),2.clauses of manner and comparison,the give the Qualification to the action or event rendered by the principal clause.

3.clauses of diff-nt circumstantial semantics.(attendantevent, condition, cause,result,concession,purpose).

4.clauses is formed by the parenthetical &insertive construction.The classification of subordinate clauses based on the similarity of their functions with those of parts of the sentence, namely the classification of clauses into subject, object, attributive, adverbial, appositional & parenthetical clauses.

23. The article

Article is a determining unit of specific nature accompanying the noun in communicative collocation.

The two main views of the article are, then, these: (1) The article is a word (possibly a separate part of speech) and the collocation "article + noun" is a phrase (2) The article is a form element in the system of the noun; it is thus a kind of morpheme, or if an auxiliary word of the same kind as the auxiliary verbs.

It has been a long debated question how many articles there are in English. Obviously there are only two material articles, the definite article the and the indefinite article a (an). Tthere are three variants: (1) the language, (2) a language, (3) language. Now the question arises, how this third variant is to be treated. The older grammatical tradition described it as "omission of the article", Another view is that we should describe this as "absence of the article"¹ A third view, is that the very absence of the article is a special kind of article, which is then termed "zero article". According to this view, then, there would be three articles in English: definite, indefinite, and zero.

Give me a newspaper, please! and Give me the newspaper, please!

The definite article - object denoted is taken in its concrete, individual quality. We shall say that the definite article has at least two distinct meanings, viz. (1) it means that an object is singled out from all objects of the same class, (2) it means that the whole class of objects, as distinct from other classes, is referred to.

The indefinite article is commonly interpreted as referring the object denoted by the noun to a certain class of similar objects;

First. The meaningful absence of the article before the countable noun in the singular signifies that the noun is taken in an abstract sense, expressing the most general idea of the object denoted.

Law (in general) begins with the beginning of human society.

Second. The absence of the article before the uncountable noun corresponds to the two kinds of generalisation: both relative and absolute.

Coffee (a kind of beverage served at the table: relative generalisation) or tea, please? Coffee (in general: absolute generalisation) stimulates the function of the heart.

Third. The absence of the article before the countable noun in the plural, likewise, corresponds to both kinds of generalisation, and the exposition of the meaning in each case can be achieved by the same semantic tests.