заполнителе.

Information-to-Swallow

A little history on the subject

The Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as the bonding sub­stance. The Egyptians used lime and gypsum cement. An analysis of ancient Egyptian pyramids has shown that concrete was employed in their construction.

Roman architects invented Roman concrete and used it in buildings where it could stand on its own and support a great deal of weight. The first use of concrete by the Romans was sometime after 273 ВС. Ancient Roman concrete was a mixture of lime mortar, pozzolana¹, water, and stones. The ancient builders placed this mixture in wooden frames where it hardened and bonded to a facing of stones or (more frequently) bricks. When the framework was removed, the new wall with a rough surface was very strong. This surface could be smoothed and faced with attractive stucco or thin panels of marble or other co­loured stones. Concrete construction proved to be more flexible and less costly than building solid stone buildings. The materials were readily available and not difficult to transport. The wooden frames could be used more than once, allowing builders to work quickly and efficiently.

The widespread use of concrete in many Roman structures has en­sured their survival to the present day. The Baths of Caracalla in Rome are just one example. Many Roman aqueducts and bridges have masonry cladding on a concrete core, as does the dome of the Pan­theon.

In 756, British engineer John Smeaton made the first modern con­crete by adding pebbles as a coarse aggregate and mixing powdered brick into the cement. In 1824, English inventor Joseph Aspdin in­vented the first true artificial cement — Portland cement by burning ground limestone and clay together. The burning process changed the chemical properties of the materials and stronger cement was created, which has remained the dominant cement used in concrete production.

* Pozzolana is a type of volcanic ash used for mortar or for cement that sets under water.

(1 600 п.зн.)

TEXT С

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

metal, major, structural, profile, specific, section, composition, me­chanical, regulate, corrosion, thermal, expansion, assembly, insula­tion, design, typically.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

structural framework — несущий каркас, каркасная конструкция;

external surface covering — облицовка;

metal alloy — металлический сплав;

structural building material — конструктивный строительный ма­териал;

chemical composition — химический состав;

carbon steel — углеродистая сталь;

high-strength low alloy steel — высокопрочная низколегированная сталь;

quenched steel — закалённая (при быстром охлаждении) сталь;

tempered steel — закалённая/отпущенная сталь;

thermal expansion — тепловое расширение;

structural integrity — конструктивная целостность;

external insulation — внешняя/наружная изоляция;

raw material prices — цены на сырьё.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Building Materials (II)

Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Steel is a metal alloy whose major com­ponent is iron, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is strong, flexible, and if refined and treated well, lasts a long time.

[Structural steel is steel construction material, a profile, formed with a specific shape or cross section and certain standards of chemical composition and mechanical properties.]⁰ Structural steel shape, size, composition, strength, storage, etc., is regulated in most industrialized countries. The standard commonly used structural steels are:

• carbon steels

• high-strength low alloy steels

• corrosion resistant high strength low alloy steels

• quenched and tempered alloy steels.

The properties of steel vary widely, depending on its alloying ele­ments. [Care must be taken to ensure that thermal expansion of struc­tural elements does not damage wall and floor assemblies of a build­ing.]⁰ When heated, steel expands and softens, eventually losing its structural integrity. Given enough energy, it can also melt. Structural steel requires external insulation (fireproofing) in order to prevent the steel from weakening in the event of fire. Heat transfer to the steel can be slowed by the use of fireproofing materials.

[As raw material prices fluctuate, often so does building design.]⁰ During times of lower steel prices, more steel and less concrete is used, and vice versa. However, both materials are typically used to­gether. While both steel structures and reinforced concrete cement structures have their pros and cons, the steel structures have better strength and can be easily dismantled. (1 480 п.зн.)

4. Переведите предложении письменно.

5. Прочитайте текст 'Glassmaking'.

Glassmaking is considered an art form as well as an industrial process or material. Glass is an amorphous, solid substance, an inor­ganic product of fusion which has been cooled through its transition to the, solid state without crystallising. Glasses are typically brittle, and often optically transparent. Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover openings in a building.

Glass is generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates, in a very hot fire stove (a kiln). Very often additives are added to the mix­ture to produce glass with shades of colours or various characteristics (such as bulletproof or light emittance glass).

Glass plays an essential role in industry. The optical and physical properties of glass make it suitable for such applications as flat glass, container glass, optics and optoelectronics material, laboratory equip­ment, thermal insulator (glass wool), reinforcement fiber (glass- reinforced plastic, glass fiber reinforced concrete), and art.

The use of glass in architectural buildings has become very popular in the modern culture. Glass 'curtain walls' can be used to cover the entire facade of a building, or they can be used to span over a wide roof structure in a 'space frame'. These uses, though, require some sort of frame to hold sections of glass together, as glass is too brittle to span large areas by itself. (1 150 п.зн.)

6. Соедините фрагменты (ab), чтобы получить законченное вы­сказывание.

А.

• ... as glass is too brittle to span large areas by itself.

• ... is the usual choice for metal structural building materials.

• ...and certain standards of chemical composition and mechani­cal properties.

• ...which has been cooled through its transition to the solid state without crystallising.

• ...the steel structures have better strength and can be easily dismantled.

B.

• Glass is an amorphous, solid substance, an inorganic product of fusion ...

• While both steel structures and Reinforced concrete cement structures have their pros and cons, ...

• Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, and...

• These uses, though, require some sort of frame to hold sections of glass together, ...

• Structural steel is steel construction material, a profile, formed with a specific shape or cross section ...

7. Расскажите, как металл и стекло используются в строи­тельстве.

TEXT D

1. Выпишите из текста интернациональные слова (не менее 12).

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

plastic material — пластмасса, пластичный материал;

amorphous solid — аморфное твёрдое тело;

to improve performance — улучшать характеристики;

malleability— ковкость, тягучесть, податливость;

to extrude — прессовать, штамповать;

thermosetting polymer — термореактивный полимер;

glass transition temperature — температура стеклования;

resistance to smth — сопротивляемость чему-либо;

versatility — универсальность, гибкость;

imperviousness — непроницаемость, водонепроницаемость;

to release toxic fumes — испускать токсичный дым/испарения.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

The follow-on

A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi­synthetic organic amorphous solids used in the manufacture of indus­trial products. [The raw materials to make most plastics come from petroleum and natural gas.]° Plastics are typically polymers* of high molecular mass, and may contain other substances to improve per­formance and/or reduce costs. [It refers to their malleability (or plas­ticity) during manufacture that allows plastics to be cast, pressed, or extruded into a variety of shapes.]⁰

There are two types of plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers. Thermoplastics will soften and melt if enough heat is ap­plied. Thermosets can melt and take shape once; after they have soli­dified, they stay solid.

Plastics are classified by chemical structure, by qualities relevant for manufacturing or product design, by various physical properties, such as density, tensile strength, glass transition temperature, and resistance to chemical effect.

[Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an enormous and expanding range of products, from paper clips to spaceships.]⁰ They have already displaced many traditional materials, such as wood, stone, horn or bone, leather, paper, metal, glass, and ceramic, in most of their former uses.

[However, plastics are durable and resistant to natural processes of degradation; burning plastic can release toxic fumes or dioxin.]⁰ Al­so, the manufacturing of plastics often creates large quantities of chemical pollutants.

* Polymer is a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entire­ly of a large number of similar units bonded together (e.g. plastics and resins). (1 460 п.зн.)

4. Переведите предложения [...] письменно.

5. Расскажите об использовании пластиков в строительстве.

ТЕХТ Е

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

contain, pore, normally, compressive, produce, specialized, synthetic, combination, sandwich, composite, mastic, application, substrate, convert, film, pigment, granular, contribute, texture, classify, ultravio­let, proportion, inert, potential.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

to trap bubbles — удерживать/задерживать пузырьки; to extinguish fire — тушить пожар; cellular material — ячеистый материал; improved insulation — улучшенные изоляционные свойства; composite material— композиционный материал, композит; liquefiable— плавкий, растворимый, разжижаемый; opaque film — непрозрачная плёнка; pigment— пигмент, краситель;

granular solid — зернистое, гранулированное вещество;

filter — наполнитель (минеральный порошок); inert material — инертный (неактивный) материал; binder — связующее вещество;

to impart adhesion — придавать свойство прилипания.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Foams

Part One

Foam is a substance that is formed by trapping many gaseous bub­bles in a liquid or solid. Liquid foams are used in extinguishing fires, especially oil fires. Solid foams form an important class of lightweight cellular engineering materials. These foams can be clas­sified into two types based on their pore structure: open cell structured foams and closed cell foams.

•

Open cell structured foams contain pores forming an intercon­nected network which is relatively soft. If filled with air, this foam could be a good insulator.

Closed cell foams do not have interconnected pores. [Normally, the closed cell foams have higher compressive strength due to their structures; they are also denser, require more material, and are more expensive to produce.]⁰ The closed cells can be filled with a specia­lized gas to provide improved insulation.

More recently synthetic foam has been used in combination with structural materials, such as concrete. [It is usually used as part of a structural insulated panel where the foam is sandwiched between wood and cement or insulated concrete forms where concrete is sand­wiched between two layers of foam.]° All types of foam are also used as core material in sandwich structured composite materials. (1 050 п.зн.)

Paints

Part Two

[Paints is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition which after application to a substrate¹ in a thin layer is converted to an opaque solid film. ]⁰ Cave paintings drawn with red and yellow ochre, hema­tite, manganese oxide, and charcoal may have been made by early Homo sapiens as long as 40,000 years ago.

|Pigments are granular solids incorporated into the paint to contri­bute colour, toughness, texture or simply to reduce the cost of the paint.]⁰ They can be classified as either natural or synthetic types. Hiding pigments, in making paint opaque, protect the substrate from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light.

[Fillers are a special type of pigment that serves to thicken the film, support its structure and just increase the volume of the paint.]⁰ Fillers are usually made of cheap and inert materials, such as earth, talc, lime, clay, etc. Some paints contain large proportions of pig­ment/filler and binder.

[Binder, commonly referred to as vehicle, is the actual film form­ing component of paint.]⁰ It is the only component that must be present; other components are included optionally, depending on the desired properties of the cured film. [The binder imparts adhesion, binds the pigments together, and strongly influences such properties as gloss potential, exterior durability, flexibility, and toughness.]⁰

Paint can be applied as a solid, a gaseous suspension (aerosol), or a liquid. Techniques vary depending on the practical results desired. As a solid, the paint is applied as a very fine powder, and then baked at high temperature. This melts the powder and causes it to stick to the surface. In the liquid application, paint is applied directly using brush­es, paint rollers, blades, etc. Paint application by spray is the most popular method in industry.

*Substrate is a substance or layer that underlies something, or on which some process occurs. (1 600 п.зн.)

4. Переведите предложения [...]0 письменно.

5. Закончите предложения по темам.

• Foam is a substance...

• Open cell structured foams...

• Closed cell foams...

• More recently synthetic foam has been used...

• It is usually used as part of a structural insulated panel where the foam...

• Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition...

• Pigments are granular solids incorporated into...

• Fillers are a special type of pigment that serves...

• Binder is the actual...

• As a solid, the paint is applied...

TEXT F

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

ceramic, stick, calcium, silicate, press, mix, consistency, hydraulic, tunnel, organic, start, accurate, method, cable, wall, perforation, quartz, colourant, hydrate, autoclave, uniform, atmosphere, reflect, origin, correct, absorption.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

masonry construction — конструкция из каменной кладки;

shale — глинистый сланец, сланцеватая глина;

soft slate — мягкий сланец;

calcium silicate — силикат кальция;

quarried stone — бутовый/рваный камень;

shrinkage — усадка/усушка, усадочная деформация;

steel mould — мульда, (литейная) форма;

tunnel kiln — туннельная печь для обжига/сушки;

extruded brick — кирпич, изготовленный на ленточном прессе;

wall of wires — резательный аппарат, отрезной станок;

perforation — перфорирование, выдавливание;

crushed flint — дроблённая галька, кремень;

mineral colourant— минеральный краситель;

firing temperature — температура обжига;

surface texture — текстура/фактура поверхности;

thermal and moisture movement — характеристики (кирпича) при

воздействии температур и влаги.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Brick Part One

A brick is a block of ceramic material used in masonry construc- - tion with various kinds of mortar to stick the items together. Brick has been widely used for building purposes throughout human history, and is being largely used nowadays.

[Bricks may be made from clay, shale, soft slate, calcium silicate, concrete, or shaped from quarried stone.]⁰ Clay is the most common material, with modern clay bricks formed in one of three processes — soft mud, dry press, or extruded.

The soft mud method is the most common, as it is the most eco­nomical. [It starts with the raw clay in a mix with 25-30% sand to re­duce shrinkage.]⁰ The clay is first ground and mixed with water to the desired consistency. The clay is then pressed into steel moulds with a hydraulic press. The shaped clay is then fired ('burned'') at 900- 1000°C to achieve strength.

In modem brickwork this is usually done in a fired tunnel kiln, in which the bricks move slowly through the kiln on conveyors, rails, or kiln cars. The bricks often are added lime, ash, and organic matter to speed the burning.

The dry press method is similar to mud brick but starts with a much thicker clay mix, so it forms more accurate, sharper-edged bricks. The greater force in pressing and the longer burn make this method more expensive.

With extruded bricks the clay is mixed with 10-15% water (stiff extrusion) or 20-25% water (soft extrusion). [This is forced through a die to create a long cable of material of the proper width and depth.]⁰ The material is then cut into bricks of the desired length by a wall of wires. [Most structural bricks are made by this method, as hard dense bricks result, and holes or other perforations can be produced by the die.]° The introduction of holes reduces the needed volume of clay through the whole process, with the reduction in cost as well. The bricks are lighter and easier to handle, and have thermal properties different from solid bricks. The cut bricks are hardened by drying for between 20 and 40 hours at 50-150°C before being fired. (1 700 п.зн.)

Part Two

[The raw materials for calcium silicate bricks include lime mixed with quartz, crushed flint or crushed siliceous rock together with mineral colourants.]° The materials are mixed and left until the lime is completely hydrated. The mixture is then pressed into moulds and cured in an autoclave* for two or three hours to speed the chemical hardening. The finished bricks are very accurate and uniform and can be made in a variety of colours, white is common.

[The fired colour of clay bricks is influenced by the chemical and mineral content of raw materials, the firing temperature, and the at­mosphere in the kiln.]° Calcium silicate bricks have a wider range of shades and colours, depending on the colourants used. The names of bricks may reflect their origin and colour.

Bricks may also be classified as solid (less than 25% perforations by volume on one of the longer faces), perforated (containing a pat­tern of small holes through the brick removing no more than 25% of the volume), cellular (containing a pattern of holes removing more than 20% of the volume, but closed on one face), or hollow (contain­ing a pattern of large holes removing more than 25% of the brick's volume).

[The correct brick for a job can be picked from a choice of colour, surface texture, density, weight, absorption and pore structure, ther­mal characteristics, thermal and moisture movement, and fire resis­tance.]⁰

* Autoclave is a strong, heated container used for chemical reactions and other processes using high pressures and temperatures. (1 300 п.зн.)

4. Переведите предложения письменно.

5. Ответьте на вопросы.

• What are bricks composed of?

• What processes of brick formation do you know?

• Which of the production methods is the most economical?

• How are extruded bricks made?

• How is calcium silicate bricks processed?

• What does the colour of the bricks depend on?

• How can be bricks classified due to the perforations produced?

  6. Закончите предложения.

• Bricks may be made from...

• The soft mud method is...

• The dry press method is similar to ...

• Extruded bricks are made from...

• The raw materials for calcium silicate bricks include...

• The fired colour of clay bricks is influenced by...

• Bricks may also be classified as...

Ответьте на вопрос:

What should be taken into consideration while selecting a necessary type of bricks for construction?

8. Переведите текст устно. То sum up

Modern building is a huge industry, and the use of building materials is typically segmented into specific trades, such as carpentry, plumb­ing, roofing, insulation work, etc. The manufacture of building mate­rials as well as production and harvesting of raw materials for build­ing purposes is on a world large scale (often being a primary govern­mental and trade key point between nations). Environmental con­cerns are becoming a major world topic considering the availability and sustainability of certain materials, and the extraction of such large quantities needed for the human habitat. (500 п.зн.)

8. Передайте содержание текста в трёх предложениях.

• ♦ Подготовьте презентацию по теме 'Building Materials'.

Словарь к Разделу IV

• absorption — абсорбция, поглощение;

• additive — добавка, присадка, примесь;

• aggregate — агрегат, заполнитель;

• amorphous solid — аморфное твёрдое тело;

• anhydrous powder substance — безводное порошкообразное вещество;

• aqueduct — акведук, мост-водовод;

• artificial — искусственный, синтетический;

• availability — наличие, доступность, возможность использова­ния;

• bar — брус, балка;

• beam — балка, брус, прогон;

• bedrock deposit — месторождение/залежь материковой поро­ды;

• belt conveyor — ленточный конвейер/транспортёр;

• to bind (bound) — связываться, схватываться, затвердевать;

• binder — связующее вещество;

• blast furnace slag — печной доменный шлак;

• blasting method — метод наружных зарядов;

• bonding — соединение, сцепление;

• bottom ash — шлак, зольный остаток;

• breakwater — волнорез, мол;

• brick — кирпич;

• brittle — ломкий, хрупкий;

• bubble — пузырёк (воздуха или газа);

• bulletproof— пуленепробиваемый;

• cable — зд. лента;

• calcium silicate — силикат кальция;

• capital-intensive — капиталоёмкий, дорогостоящий;

• carbon steel — углеродистая сталь;

• carpentry — плотничье дело;

• to cast — лить, отливать;

• to categorize — распределять по категориям, классифициро­вать;

• cell—ячейка;

• cellular material — ячеистый материал;

• cementitious — цементирующий, вяжущий;

• charcoal — древесный уголь;

• chemical admixture — химическая добавка;

• chemical composition — химический состав;

• clay — глина;

• cleavable — колкий, легко раскалываемый;

• clinker — клинкер, спекшийся материал;

• coarse — крупный, крупнозернистый;

• colourant— краситель, красящее вещество;

• to come along — сопровождать, идти;

• commonly — обычно, как правило;

• competent — походящий, достаточный;

• composite material — композиционный материал, композит;

• compressive stress — напряжение на сжатие;

• concern — проблема, вопрос, требующий решения;

• concrete delivery truck — машина для доставки бетона;

• to conserve resources — сберегать ресурсы;

• consistency — консистенция, степень плотности;

• construction purpose — цель строительства;

• content — содержание, состав;

• to convert — трансформировать, превращать;

• core — ядро, стержень;

• corrosion — коррозия, окисление, ржавчина;

• to counteract— противодействовать;

• to crush — давить, дробить, толочь;

• crushed flint — дроблённая галька, кремень;

• to cure — отверждаться;

• curtain wall — ненесущая (наружная) стена;

• to deliver — доставлять, развозить;

• demolition — разборка, снос (здания);

• die — штамп, матрица;

• to dismantle — разбирать, демонтировать;

• to distribute — распределять, рассредоточивать;

• dome— величественное здание;

• dominant— господствующий, основной, доминирующий;

• to dry — сушить, высушивать;

• dry press — пресс полусухого прессования;

• earth-moving equipment — оборудование для землеройных работ;

• to eliminate — устранять, исключать;

• emittance — излучательная способность;

• to employ — употреблять, применять, использовать;

• to entrain — захватывать (воздух, жидкость);

• eventually — в конечном счёте, в итоге;

• to expand— расширяться, увеличиваться (в размерах);

• expensive — дорогой, дорогостоящий;

• extender — наполнитель, добавка;

• external insulation — внешняя/наружная изоляция;

• external surface соvering — облицовка;

• to extinguish fire — тушить пожар;

• extraction — добывание, извлечение;

• to extrude — прессовать, штамповать;

• extruded brick — кирпич, изготовленный на ленточном прессе;

• extrusion — прессование выдавливанием;

• facade — фасад (здания);

• fiber — волокно;

• fibrous plant — волокнистое растение;

• filler— наполнитель (минеральный порошок);

• film — пленка, тонкий слой;

• fine aggregate — мелкий заполнитель;

• finish — отделка, отделочное покрытие;

• fire resistance — огнестойкость;

• firing temperature — температура обжига;

• flexible — гибкий, податливый, эластичный;

• flint— кремень, тонкозернистая кремнистая порода;

• to fluctuate — быть неустойчивым, меняться, колебаться;

• fly ash — летучая зола, зольная пыль;

• frame — рама, каркас;

• framework — рамная конструкция, каркас

• functional extension — функциональный ряд;

• fusion — плавка, плавление;

• to gain — добывать, зарабатывать, добиваться;

• gaseous — газообразный, газовый;

• glass transition temperature — температура стеклования;

• glass wool — стекловата;

• gloss — глянец, лоск;

• to glue — клеить, приклеивать;

• granular solid — зернистое, гранулированное вещество;

• to grind (ground) — измельчать, молоть, дробить, растирать;

• harbour— гавань, порт;

• hardening — отвердевание, затвердевание;

• to harvest — собирать урожай, делать заготовки;

• hematite — гематит, красный железняк;

• hiding pigment — пигмент с хорошей укрывистостыо;

• high-strength low alloy steel — высокопрочная низколегиро­ванная сталь;

• hollow — пустой, полый;

• horn — рог;

• to hydrate — гидратизировать, гидратировать;

• hydration — гидратация, гидратирование;

• hydraulic render — гидравлический (затвердевающий в воде) нижний слой штукатурки;

• to impart adhesion —- придавать свойство прилипания;

• imperviousness — непроницаемость, водонепроницаемость;

• to improve performance — улучшать характеристики;

• improved insulation — улучшенные изоляционные свойства;

• industrial setting — промышленная установка;

• inert material — инертный (неактивный) материал;

• insulator — диэлектрик, изоляционный материал;

• interconnected — взаимосвязанный, соединённый;

• iron — железо, чёрный металл (железо, сталь, чугун);

• ironwork — изделие из железа, металлическая конструкция;

• key point — стратегически важный, ключевой пункт, ориен­тир;

• to last — длиться, сохраняться, выдерживать;

• layer — слой, пласт, прослойка;

• leather — кожа (выделанная);

• lime — известь;

• liquefiable— плавкий, растворимый, разжижаемый;

• load bearing element — несущий элемент (конструкции);

• lumber — пиломатериал;

• major — более важный, значительный, главный;

• malleability — ковкость, тягучесть, податливость;

• manganese oxide — оксид марганца;

• manufactured aggregate — промышленный/фабричный запол­нитель;

• marble — мрамор;

• masonry cladding — плакирование, обшивка с помощью ка­менной кладки;

• masonry construction — конструкция из каменной кладки;

• mass concrete structure — конструкция из монолитного бето­на;

• mastic — мастичный, вязкий;

• to melt — таять, плавиться, растапливаться, растворяться;

• metal alloy — металлический сплав;

• mineral colourant — минеральный краситель;

• mixture— смесь, смешивание;

• mortar— известковый, строительный раствор;

• network — сеть, сетка;

• obtainable — достижимый, доступный;

• ochre — охра;

• opaque film — непрозрачная плёнка;

• to optimize — оптимизировать;

• optionally — необязательно, по выбору;

• partial replacement — частичная замена;

• particulate material — зернистый материал;

• paste — паста, мастика, густотёртая краска;

• pebble — булыжник, галька, мелкий щебень;

• perforation — перфорирование, выдавливание;

• perlite — перлит, вулканическое стекло;

• petroleum — нефть;

• pigment — пигмент, краситель;

• plain concrete mix — обычная бетонная смесь;

• plaster — штукатурка;

• plastic material — пластмасса, пластичный материал;

• plumbing — водопроводное дело, слесарные работы;

• pollutant — загрязняющее вещество, агент;

• роrе — пора;

• to pour — лить, наливать;

• pozzolana — пуццолан, вулканический туф;

• predictable — предвидимый, прогнозируемый;

• predominant material— преобладающий материал;

• prestressed — предварительно напряжённый;

• to process — подвергать процессу, обрабатывать;

• profile — сортовой прокат, стальной профиль;

• pros and cons — (лат.) доводы за и против;

• pumice — пемза, пористый вулканический материал;

• quarried stone — бутовый/рваный камень;

• quarry — каменоломня, открытая разработка, карьер;

• quartz — кварц (эталонный твёрдый минерал);

• quenched steel — закалённая (при быстром охлаждении) сталь;

• raw material prices — цены на сырьё;

• readily — легко, без труда;

• recycled — повторно используемый;

• to reduce weight — уменьшать вес;

• to refine — очищать (от примесей);

• to reinforce — укреплять, усиливать, армировать;

• to release toxic fumes — испускать токсичный дым/испарения;

• render — трёхслойная штукатурка;

• resistance to smth — сопротивляемость чему-либо;

• roofing — кровельные работы;

• rough — грубый, неровный;

to sag down — провисать, прогибаться; sand — песок, формовочная смесь;

to sandwich — помещать посередине, вставлять, втискивать;

• sedimentary — осадочный;

shale — глинистый сланец, сланцеватая глина;

shrinkage — усадка/усушка, усадочная деформация;

• silicate — силикат, соль кремниевой кислоты;

siliceous rock — горная порода, содержащая кремний;

• silicon — кремний;

• similar — подобный, схожий;

slab — плита, панель перекрытия, пол (бетонный); slag — шлак;

soft mud — пластичная керамическая масса;

soft slate — мягкий сланец;

• to soften — размягчать, смягчать;

to solidify — твердеть, затвердевать, густеть, застывать;

source — источник, начало, происхождение;

to span (over) — охватывать, простираться, перекрывать;

specialty aggregate — специализированный заполнитель;

steel mould — мульда, (литейная) форма;

• to stick (stuck) — липнуть, приклеиваться;

• stove — печь, сушильная печь, сушильная камера;

• structural building material — конструктивный строительный материал;

• structural framework — несущий каркас, каркасная конструк­ция;

• structural integrity — конструктивная целостность;

• stucco — наружная штукатурка, штукатурный раствор для наружных работ;

• to be subjected to — подвергаться (воздействию, влиянию);

• suitable — подходящий, соответствующий, годный;

• superior — лучший, более совершенный, превосходящий;

• surface texture — текстура/фактура поверхности;

• survival — выживаемость, выживание, жизнеспособность;

• to tailor — приспосабливать, подгонять, пригонять;

• talc — тальк;

• tempered steel — закалённая/отпущенная сталь;

• tendon — преднапряжённая арматура, арматурная прядь/пучок;

• tensile stress — растягивающее напряжение;

• thermal and moisture movement — характеристики (кирпича) при воздействии температур и влаги;

• thermal expansion — тепловое расширение;

• thermosetting polymer — термореактивный полимер;

• to thicken — сгущать, наращивать (толщину), загустевать;

• toughness — вязкость, ударная вязкость, тягучесть, плотность;

• trade — занятие, ремесло, профессия;

• transparent — прозрачный, просвечивающий, светопроницае­мый;

• transportation ease — лёгкость/простота транспортировки;

• to trap bubbles — удерживать/задерживать пузырьки;

• to treat — подвергать обработке, обрабатывать, очищать;

• tunnel kiln — туннельная печь для обжига/сушки;

• twig — прут;

• uniform — единообразный, одинаковый;

• uniform properties — неизменные/постоянные свойства;

• variety — разнообразие, ряд, множество;

• to vary proportions — менять пропорции;

• vermiculite — вермикулит (минерал, используемый в составе композитных строительных материалов);

• versatility — универсальность, гибкость;

• vice versa — (лат.) наоборот, обратно, противоположно;

• void — пустота, пора, полость, карман;

• wall of wires — резательный аппарат, отрезной станок;

• to weaken — ослаблять обеднять, разупрочнять;

• to weld — сваривать(ся), сцепляться;

• widespread use — широкое использование.

Раздел V

ENERGY AND ITS SOURCES TEXT A

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

dilemma, deficiency, generator, rotation, hydropower, biomass, focus, heliostat, utilize, parabolic, absorb, hydroelectricity, extraction, pro­ductive, comfortable, engine, mechanical, transportation, uranium.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

to generate energy -— вырабатывать/производить энергию;

renewable — восстановимый, возобновляемый;

fossil fuel — ископаемое топливо;

combustion — горение, возгорание, сжигание;

to run out— кончаться, иссякать;

to expel— исключать, изгонять;

by-product— побочный/промежуточный продукт;

replenishment — повторное наполнение, пополнение;

steam — пар;

to harness water — обуздывать/покорять воду;

to channel water— направлять в русло, проводить через канал.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Types of Energy

| [Modern civilization is put in dilemma of possible energy lack and everyday necessity to satisfy growing material and cultural needs.]⁰ Energy is generated from both non-renewable and renewable sources.

[Non-renewable energy includes three major types of fossil fuels — coal, oil and natural gas — deposited in the earth over millions of years. Since fossil fuels require a simple combustion to produce pow­er, they are rather cheap. However, fossil fuels are consumed much more rapidly than they can be replaced. It means, one day we shall run out of fuel reserves.]⁰

Wood once expelled by coal and gas has been the solitary source of energy for centuries. Nowadays both gas and oil are closely connected with technological progress and standards of living.

[Uranium is one of the most perspective sources of energy for it doesn't emit CO2 causing global warming and climate changes.]⁰ Nuclear power generation has by-product wastes: tremendous emis­sion of radioactive products and heat.

[Renewable sources of energy are very attractive because of their quick replenishment.]⁰ They are five: hydropower, solar, wind, bio- mass, and geothermal* energy.

The most popular way to utilize solar energy is thermal systems. Large centralized solar plants are known as 'power towers' with small rotating mirrors the top of towers to focus heat and turn water into steam for industrial purposes.

Hydropower generates electricity with no GHG effect. Since the supply of hydropower is water, hydropower stations are to be close to a water resource.

Mechanical energy depends on directing, harnessing or channe­ling water.

[To make daily life comfortable, productive and pleasant highly developed societies consume vast amounts of energy for heating, cooking, transportation, manufacturing, and entertainment.]⁰ The choices of how to make and use energy impacts greatly the environ-

ment and human lives.

means earth and 'thermal' is concerned with or caused by heat. (1 700 п.зн.)

4. Определите части речи, обращая внимание на суффиксы. Пе­реведите.

• generate, generated, generating, generation, generative, generator;

• consume, consumable, consumer, consumership, consumption, consumptive (demand);

• produce, producer, producible, product, production, productive, productiveness, productivity;

• origin, original, originality, originally, originate, originating, origination, originative, originator;

• concentrate, concentrated, concentration, concentrative, concen­trator, concentric, concentrical, concentrically, concentricity;

• absorb, absorbability, absorbable, absorbency, absorbent, ab­sorber, absorbing;

• combustion, comburent, combustible*, combustibility, combus- tibleness;

• develop, developable, developer, development, developmental;

• feasibility, (in)feasible, feasibleness, feasibly.

*A word combustible (from Lat. comburere) means:

• capable of taking fire and burning, inflammable;

• easily excited, quick.

  5. Расположите предложения согласно логике изложения.

1. People have practically limited supplies of coal, oil, and natural gas which cannot be replaced. 2. It is a good idea to use the power of wind and ocean tides to generate electricity. 3. On the whole, there are many ways to produce energy without using up natural non-renewable resources and damaging the environment. 4. Firstly, we should make more use of solar power. 5. It is high time to start doing as much as possible to protect the Earth. 6. The sooner we initiate wide usage of alternative energy sources, the better. 7. If we fitted solar panels to the roofs of our houses, we would have a very cheap way of heating water for domestic purposes.

5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сказуемое.

• The supplies of coal, natural gas and oil are known to have been limited.

• One of the simplest and most economical ways to utilize solar energy is solar thermal systems.

• Nuclear energy is considered to be the key energy problem so­lution.

• There should be certain alternative power sources to be discov­ered as actual solutions of energy shortage problem.

• Since the supply of hydropower is water, hydroelectric power stations are to be close to natural water bodies.

• Hydropower is reputed to generate electricity with no green­house effect.

8. Дайте определение терминов.

(A) renewable resources; (В) non-renewable resources; (С) replenishment; (D) by-product; (E) solitary source

8. Переведите письменно.

Provided, it is perfectly premeditated and maintained, a hydroelec­tric power source is comparatively cheap, safe, and reliable, being green oriented, with low escape risk, and demanding no fuel at all. As an alternative it has been proved much more perspective than both nuclear and wind power. Routine monitoring is required to anticipate virtual catastrophes and undertake all necessary remedial actions be­fore real failure occurs. (370 п.зн.)

TEXT В

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

geothermal, migration, laboratory, globe, alternative, generation, ac­cumulate, nuclear, production, uranium, accident, turbine, control, statistics, radioactivity, actual, chance, serious,, potential, opposition, advocate, safe, percentage.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

to face a challenge — столкнуться со сложной задачей/проблемой;

to assess — оценивать, определять;

benefit — выгода, польза, преимущество;

alternative sources of energy — альтернативные источники энер­гии;

devastating potential out of control -— неконтролируемый разру­шительный потенциал; fission — деление, расщепление;

harmful gases emission — выделение вредных газов;

greenhouse effect — парниковый эффект;

disadvantage — неудобство, помеха, вред;

storage — хранение;

reprocessing — переработка, вторичная обработка;

to accumulate radioactive wastes — накапливать радиоактивные

отходы;

urgent — срочный, безотлагательный, необходимый;

feasible — реальный, выполнимый, осуществимый.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

The idea to get energy from sunlight, wind, rain, geothermal wa­ter or ocean tides has migrated from laboratories into every house, especially in the countries faced with multiple energy-related chal­lenges of today. To assess the benefits of alternative sources of ener­gy it is necessary to know what they are alternative to.

About 17% of the world's electricity is generated at nuclear power stations, the percentage varying from country to country. After some accidents a lot of people strongly oppose nuclear energy use because of its colossal devastating potential out of control.

Any nuclear power plant generates electricity through the fission followed by a release of huge amount of heat, actually generated by a particular quantity of nuclear fuel, which is million times larger than the heat generated by burning the same amount of coal or oil. It is the water steam which makes turbines spin and generate electricity. The final step is identical at all power plants. The only difference is fuel to be used: coal, oil, or something else.

The obvious benefit of nuclear energy is the low cost of produced electricity. Statistics says the average production cost is 1.87% per kWh*.

The advocates of nuclear energy reiterate there is no harmful gases emission causing greenhouse effect. Hence, nuclear energy is much cleaner and eco-friendlier than coal, oil, or gas.

That the nuclear stations are extremely complicated systems and require a huge amount of money is one of disadvantages. Another highly debatable issue is long-term programs for storage or reprocess­ing. Nobody wants to accumulate radioactive wastes. Since the ma­jority of available storage areas are almost filled, the question where to store dangerous wastes is urgent

Despite the fact that nuclear power is the most economically feasi­ble, people still have to work hard to make it really safe. However, it

there is a chance to find alternative sources of energy with lesser | risks, it is our duty to find and use them wherever it is possible.

*kW is a written abbreviation of kilowatt; kWh stands for kilowatt hour. (1 750 п.зн.)

4. Соедините части, чтобы получить законченное высказывание.

1. Greenhouse (A) is the process of splitting an atom to produce effect large amounts of energy.

2. Fission (B) is an amount of gas or other substances that a

machine or factory produces and sends into the air.

3. Energy (C) is the gradual warming of the air surrounding

the Earth as a result of heat being trapped by pollu­tion.

4. To be alter- (D) is the amount of something that a factory, com- native pany, machine etc. can produce or deal with.

5. Emission (E) is a substance such as coal, gas or oil that can be

burnt to produce heat of energy.

6. Capacity (F) is the power that is used to provide heat, drive

machines etc.

7. Fuel (G) is a layer of a mineral, metal, coal etc. that is

left in soil or rocks through a natural process.

8. Deposit (H) is the act of keeping or putting something in a

special place while it is not being used.

9. Reprocess (I) is a gas, especially carbon dioxide or methane

that is thought to trap heat above the Earth and cause the greenhouse effect.

10. Storage (G) is something that can be used instead of another

one.

11. GHG (K) is to treat a waste substance so that it can be

used again.

5. Закончите предложения.

• Any nuclear power plant generates...

• To assess the benefits of alternative sources of energy...

• A lot of people strongly oppose...

• The idea to get energy from...

• The obvious advantages of nuclear energy are...

• As for certain disadvantages of...

• Nowadays our duty is...

6. Восстановите предложения по фрагментам.

• ... multiple energy-related challenges of today...

• ...the world's electricity production percentage...

• ...both advocate and strongly oppose ...

• ...no emission of harmful gases...

• ...dangerous radioactive wastes...

• ...the most economically feasible sources of energy...

• ...if there is a chance to find...

  7. Переведите, обращая внимание на порядок слов.

• The water steam makes the huge turbine spin and generate elec­tricity. It is the water steam which makes the huge turbine spin and generate electricity.

• The only difference is coal and oil to be used. The difference is only coal and oil to be used.

• People still have to work hard to make life really safe. To make life reallу safe people still have to work hard. People have to work hard to make life still.

7. Сформулируйте главную идею текста и дайте ему название.

8. Прокомментируйте.

'Europeans had lived in the midst of vast forests throughout the earlier medieval centuries. After 1250 AD they became so skilled at deforesta- tion that by 1500 AD they were running short of wood for healing and cooking... By 1500 AD Europe was on the edge of a fuel arid nutritional* disaster, which was saved in the 16^th century only by the burning of soft coal and the cultivation of potatoes and maize'.(Norman F. Cantor, his­torian)

*Nutrition is the process of giving or getting the right kind of food for good health and growth. (440 п.зн.)

TEXT С

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

tradition, motivation, aspect, emission, effect, flora, fauna, atom, de­structive, solar, percent, panel, absorb, silicon, constant, separate, ki­netic, automobile, generator, atmosphere, resource.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

3. to diminish — убывать, уменьшаться;

4. devastating — опустошительный, разрушительный;

5. consequences — последствия;

ozone depletion — истончение/уменьшение озонового слоя;

irreversible — необратимый;

destructive effect— разрушительный эффект/влияние;

to implement — выполнять, осуществлять;

flora and fauna — флора и фауна;

affordable — возможный, допустимый, по средствам;

combustion — горение, возгорание, сжигание;

to suffer — страдать, испытывать, претерпевать;

to adapt— приспосабливать, прилаживать.

2. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания. Alternative Energy Sources

[A traditional fuel problem as a great development impulse is that natural resources of fossil fuels are rapidly diminishing.]⁰

Another aspect is the devastating effect on the environment. [Hu­manity has already faced serious negative consequences of thought­less use of non-renewable natural resources: global warming and ozone depletion caused by the vast emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) as well as air, water and soil pollution are only several exam­ples of irreversible changes and destructive environmental effects.]⁰

People seem to have realized their mistakes, new sources of energy being developed and implemented around the world. [Modern alterna­tive energy sources are renewable, eco-friendly, and safe not only for humans but for flora and fauna as well.]⁰

Solar power is captured by solar panels which change sunlight into electrical energy. Being renewable the very energy costs nothing but isn't constant. It can be reaped only during daytime and only fifty per­cent of it can be converted into electricity.

Wind is perfect because of its kinetic energy. Wind energy harve­sters work easily and can be set up anywhere. The source of energy is

clean and renewable with no greenhouse gas contribution but compa­ratively slow.

Water has been generating energy for ages. Hydroelectricity gen­erated by damming rivers and is quite affordable.

Hydrogen is eco-friendly and much safer than petrol. Electric cur­rent is passed through water to separate hydrogen from oxygen. The resulting gas (hydrogen) is then stored in pressurized tanks.

Geothermal energy is produced by thermal water heated naturally under the earth to generate steam which runs turbines.

Bio-fuel is produced from plants (ethanol) or animals (methane from animal excrement). The process used for obtaining bio-fuel is usually combustion. It is completely renewable.

[The best way to help our suffering planet is to adapt to the alter­native energy sources, they being limitless and ecologically clean.]⁰

(1 660 п.зн.)

4. Выберите значение, в котором данное слово употреблено в тексте.

to realize

а) представлять себе; b) понимать; с) реализовать;

4. осуществлять; е) получать прибыль.

face

а) лицо; b) внешний вид; с) циферблат; d) облицовка; е) сталки­ваться (с проблемой). emission

а) выделение (тепла); b) излучение (света); с) испускание, распро­странение (запаха, лучей); d) эмиссия (денежной массы);

4. опубликование.

effect

а) результат, следствие;b) цель, намерение; с) действие, влияb;

4. эффект, впечатление; е) осуществлятиf) производительность, полезный эффект; g) заключать, оформлять сделку.

development

а) развитие, рост, совершенствованиe; b) изложение, раскрытие; с) результат (развития); е) обрабатываемый участок земли;

4. предприятие; f) застройка; g) мелиорация.

potential

а) мощный; b) возможный, скрытый, потенциальный; с) потенциал; d) потенциальная возможность; е) напряжение.

5. Из приведенных слов составьте предложения.

• non-renewable, include, types, fossil fuels, coal, of, energy, oil, and, natural gas.

• to produce, rivers, and, hydro-electricity, waterfalls, can, darns,

• be used.

• renewable, two, main, of energy, categories, and, can, sources, be split into, non-renewable.

• nuclear energy, does not put, carbon dioxide, into, the best one, is, because, it, the atmosphere.

• old times, the wind, since, to have, controlled, energy, people, effectively, are known.

• to generate, fossil fuels, easy, are, relatively cheap, and, elec­tricity.

• solar, efficient, very, quickly, economic, power, are, technolo­gies, and, developed.

• the most, solar, popular, renewable, sources, of energy, bio- mass, popular, are, hydropower/water, and geothermal systems, wind.

• sunlight, don't decrease, wind, are, replenished, and, and, geo­thermal heat, naturally, rain.

5. Переведите письменно.

• Having considered significant air pollution, irreversible climate changes, considerable deforestation, flooding in river systems, etc. and especially unaffordable prices of non-renewable energy, we have to look at alternative energy sources more carefully.

• Global warming and ozone depletion caused by the huge emis­sions of GHG as well as air, water and soil pollution are only several examples of permanent changes and negative ecological effects.

• People seem to have realized their actual mistakes, new ecologi­cal sources of energy being developed and implemented around the world these days.

• Modern alternative energy sources are proved to be renewable, eco-friendly, and harmless not only for humans but biota as well.

• The best way to help our suffering world is to adapt to the alter­native energy sources, they being limitless and ecologically safe.

7. Дополните предложения подходящим вариантом.

   1. Humanity has already faced ...

• the challenge of alternative energy sources development.

• serious negative consequences of thoughtless use of natural non-renewable resources.

• only several examples of irreversible changes in the environ­ment.

  2. People have realized ...

• the necessity to adapt to the alternative energy sources, they be­ing limitless and ecological.

• the natural resources of fossil fuels are quickly diminishing.

• their great mistakes in careless treatment of natural non­renewable resources.

100. Modern alternative energy sources ...

• are affordable.

• are renewable, cheap and harmless not only for humans but for flora and fauna as well.

• have destructive effects on the environment.

8. Предложите все «за» и «против» (pros and cons) по вопросу ис­пользования альтернативной энергии.

Information-to-Swallow Milestones in Energy Application

1861 — August Mouchout invented the first steam engine powered by the Sun.

1839 — William Grove invented the first hydrogen fuel cell.

1888 — Charles Brush built the first windmill to generate electrici­ty.

1892 — The first world's heating system was built in Idaho, where geothermal energy was used to heat the buildings.

1904 — Larderello Fields (Italy) built the first plant to convert geothermal heat into energy.

1908 — Henry Ford built the first mass-produced vehicle Ford T Model running on ethanol.

1930 — The first sludge digestion technology was developed in Russia, biogas having been burned to generate heat energy and elec­tricity.

1936 — The world's largest Hoover Dam was built in Colorado.

1953 — The first solar cell generating electricity was made at Bell Laboratories.

1958 — The first solar powered satellite was launched in the USA.

1981-1990 — Over 17,000 wind machines were built in California.

2006 — The largest offshore wind turbine Repower generating 5 megawatt of electricity was installed in the North Sea.

2006 — Geothermal power plant was built in Alaska to generate electricity from geothermal waters with the record low temperature of 57° C.

2007 — Ford Fusion Hydrogen 999 reached the record speed of over 207mph.

2009. — The two-seat sun-powered airplane Sky Spark reached the record speed of 250km/h.

2010. — 1,100 houses in Holland get electricity after the biomass (dairy manure) special treatment.

2011. — A patent for thermal pumps using the heat from municipal wastewater for heating the sewage pumping station is obtained at the Lyubertsy Wastewater Treatment Plant.

(1 340 п.зн.)

❖ Подготовьте презентацию наиболее важных событий в области использования энергии в России и за рубежом с учётом новейших строительных технологий.

Словарь к Разделу V

• accident — несчастный случай, авария;

• to accumulate radioactive wastes — накапливать радиоактив­ные отходы;

• to adapt — приспосабливать, прилаживать;

• advocate — защитник, сторонник;

• affordable — возможный, допустимый, по средствам;

• alternative sources of energy — альтернативные источники энергии;

• to assess — оценивать, определять;

• attractive — привлекательный, заманчивый;

• average — средний, нормальный, обычный;

• benefit — выгода, польза, преимущество;

• by-product — побочный/промежуточный продукт;

• to capture — захватывать;

• to channel water — направлять в русло, проводить через канал;

• cheap — дешёвый, недорогой;

• combustion — горение, возгорание, сжигание;

• comparatively — сравнительно, относительно;

• complicated system — сложная, запутанная система;

• consequences — последствия;

• constant — постоянный, неизменный;

• to consume — тратить, расходовать, потреблять;

• contribution — вклад, ценные достижения;

• dairy manure — навоз с молочной фермы;

• damming river — река, перегороженная плотиной;

• to deposit — отлагаться, осаждаться;

• destructive — разрушительный, пагубный, деструктивный;

• destructive effect — разрушительный эффект/влияние;

• devastating potential out of control — неконтролируемый раз­рушительный потенциал;

• development impulse — толчок для развития;

• dilemma — дилемма, необходимость выбора;

• to diminish — убывать, уменьшаться;

• disadvantage —- неудобство, помеха, вред;

• eco-friendly — безвредный для окружающей среды;

• electric current — электрический ток;

• to emit — испускать, выделять;

• to expel — исключать;

• to face a challenge — столкнуться со сложной зада­чей/проблемой;

• feasible — реальный, выполнимый, осуществимый;

• fission — деление, расщепление;

• flora and fauna — флора и фауна;

• to focus — собирать, сосредоточивать;

• fossil fuel — ископаемое топливо;

• to generate energy — вырабатывать/производить энергию;

• geothermal water — вода геотермальных источников;

• global warming — глобальное потепление; greenhouse effect — парниковый эффект;

• harmful gases emission — выделение вредных газов;

• to harness water— обуздывать/покорять воду;

• to implement — выполнять, осуществлять;

• irreversible — необратимый;

• lack — недостаток, нужда, отсутствие;

• to launch — запускать (спутник, ракету);

• limitless — безграничный, бесконечный;

• mirror — зеркало;

• negative — отрицательный, негативный;

• nuclear power station — атомная электростанция;

• ocean tides — океанские приливы и отливы;

• offshore — находящийся в море, на некотором расстоянии от берега;

• to oppose — быть против, возражать;

• ozone depletion — истончение/уменьшение озонового слоя;

• petrol — бензин, газолин, моторное топливо, нефть;

• pressurized tank — резервуар, находящийся под давлением;

• to reach — достигать, доходить;

• to reap — собирать урожай, пожинать плоды;

• to reiterate — вновь подтверждать, повторять;

• renewable — восстановимый, возобновляемый;

• replenishment — повторное наполнение, пополнение;

• reprocessing — переработка, вторичная обработка;

• to run out— кончаться, иссякать;

• safe — безопасный, не связанный с риском;

• satellite — сателлит, спутник;

• sludge digestion — перегнивание ила;

• solitary — единичный, исключительный;

• steam — пар;

• storage — хранение;

• storage area — место хранения;

• to suffer — страдать, испытывать, претерпевать;

• tremendous — огромный, потрясающий;

• uranium — уран;

• urgent — срочный, безотлагательный, необходимый;

• to utilize — утилизировать, расходовать, употреблять;

• vast amount — огромное количество;

• wastewater treatment plant — станция водоочистки;

• wind energy harvester — ветрогенератор, ветряк;

• windmill — ветряная мельница.

Раздел VI

THE BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE

TEXT A

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

automatic, communication, ventilation, conditioning, control, public, address, system, elevator, escalator, security, signal, master, antenna, minimize, intercommunication, telephone, television, transportation.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

power equipment — энергетическое оборудование/оснащение;

closed-circuit television — замкнутая телевизионная система, сис- тема кабельного телевидения;

public address system — система оповещения населения;

security — безопасность, обеспечение безопасности;

alarm — тревога, сигнал тревоги, аварийная сигнализация;

circuit— цепь, схема;

communication system — система связи, система коммуникаций;

remote control system — система дистанционного управления, система телеуправления;

fire automatic detection — автоматизированное обнаружение/ вы­явление пожара;

conduit — кабельный канал;

fire alarm installation — система пожарной сигнализации;

loudspeaker system — акустическая система;

master antenna — коллективная антенна;

amplifier — усилитель.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

The Building Infrastructure

The universal uses of power equipment, vertical transportation sys­tems such as elevators, escalators, and stairways; telephone, television and closed-circuit television; public address systems; environmental- control systems (heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, lighting, and acoustical systems,); security and alarm systems have led to a huge

quantity of wiring to be installed. (The power, water supply, and waste disposal systems should be also mentioned). [Circuits that transmit in­formation or control other circuits can be classified as communication systems;]⁰ remote control systems arc technologically feasible as well.

Alarm systems cover security, fire automatic detection and fire alarm. All fire protective signal systems are separated into non-power limited and power-limited.

Required conduits with a wire inside must be foreseen to compose all final connections for telephoning.

Modern constructions provide master antennas and loudspeaker systems in buildings up to 20 storeys high, the amplifiers being often located on the roofs.

[Heating, conditioning, cooling, ventilation, lighting, and sound control are possible all year round, since 1970s all these processes having been computerized to optimize the use and minimize energy consumption wastes.]⁰ (1 100 п.зн.)

4. Соедините части, чтобы получить законченное высказывание.

1. Heating (A) is the system of communication that is

used to have a conversation with someone in another place.

2. Ventilation (B) is a system for making a room or a build­

ing warm.

3. Amplifier (C) is the process to let fresh air into the a

room, building etc.

4. Cooling (D) is the process by which people exchange

information or express their thoughts and feel­ings.

5. Closed circuit tel- (E) is a group of related parts that work to- evision gether as a whole for the process by which

people exchange information.

6. Lighting (F) is a wire , rod etc. used for receiving radio

and television signals.

7 . Alarm (G) is the system to keep the temperature in a

building, engine, machine etc.

8. Communication (H) is a system in which cameras send pic­

tures to television sets used in buildings to protect them from crime.

8. Television (I) is a system that makes the air in buildings,

rooms etc colder, or the machine that does it.

8. Communication (J) is a bell or other signals to warn everyone systems about something bad or dangerous that is al­ready happening.

9. Consumption (K) is to give illumination to a place.

10. Air-conditioning (L) is a piece of electrical equipment to make

sound louder giving more information.

8. Antenna (M) is the amount of used electricity, energy,

oil etc.

5. Закончите предложения.

• The general uses of power equipment and transportation sys­tems have led to ...

• Alarm systems cover...

• All fire protective signal systems are...

• Circuits to spread information or control other circuits are classified...

• Modern constructions provide...

• Environmental-control systems such as...

• Since 1970s...

  6. Восстановите предложения по фрагментам.

• ...a great number of wiring is to be...

• ...telephone, television as well as closed-circuit television...

• ...are classified as communication systems...

• ...security, fire automatic detection and fire alarm systems...

• ...empty conduits with a wire inside are to...

• ...are possible all year round...

• ...all the processes are programmed in order to...

6. Переведите, обращая внимание на порядок слов.

• My neighbour has installed the alarm system recently.

• My neighbour has the alarm system installed recently.

• My neighbour installed the alarm system yesterday.

• It was yesterday when the alarm system was installed.

• It was the alarm system that was installed yesterday.

• It was my neighbour who installed the alarm system yesterday.

  8. Кратко перескажите текст. TEXT В

     1. Выпишите интернациональные слова (не менее 12).

     2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

air conditioning — кондиционирование воздуха; to accomplish — совершать, достигать;

heat-activated equipment — оборудование, активизирующееся в результате нагрева;

dehumidification — осушение (воздуха), удаление избытка влаги;

corner convenience store — магазин шаговой доступности;

air contribution — забор воздуха;

low-rise apartment — малоэтажное жильё;

condominium — квартира в доме-совладении;

vapour compression — сжатие пара;

viable— жизнеспособный;

condenser — холодильник, конденсатор;

expansion device — расширительное (дросселирующее) устройство; evaporator— испаритель, выпариватель; absorption — всасывание, впитывание, абсорбция; refrigerant — хладагент.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Air Conditioning Systems

[Air conditioning has rapidly grown from a luxury to a standard facility in most residential and commercial buildings and is usually accomplished with the use of mechanical or heat-activated equip­ment.]⁰ In most applications, the air conditioner is to provide either cooling or dehumidification to maintain comfort in the building.

Commercial buildings range from large high-rise buildings to the corner convenience stores with a great variety of equipment. [For larg­er buildings the air conditioning equipment is apart from a total system design including piping, air contribution, and cooling systems.]⁰

The residential building sector is dominated by single family houses and low-rise apartments or condominiums, the cooling equipment applied in such building coming in standard 'packages'.

[Most systems utilize the vapour compression cycle to produce de­sired cooling and dehumidification.]⁰ The first patent on mechanically driven refrigeration system was granted in London in 1834. It was Jacob Perkins who is the invention patentee. The first viable commer­cial system was produced in 1857 by James Harrison and D. Siebe.

[The four basic components in every compression refrigeration system are; the compressor, condenser. expansion device, and evaporator.]⁰

There are less common methods to cool buildings: by absorption cycle and evaporative cooling. With the vapour compression cycle, a working fluid (called refrigerant) evaporates and condenses at suita­ble pressures.

(1250 п.зн.)

4. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием.

• Air conditioning has grown to a standard facility and is usually...

• The air conditioner is to make...

• The air conditioning equipment includes...

• The majority systems use the vapour compression cycle to...

• It was Jacob Perkins who obtained.

• In 1857 the first acceptable...

• The absorption cycle and evaporative cooling...

• The refrigerant is...

• In every compression refrigeration system there are...

  5. Восстановите предложения по фрагментам.

• ...from a luxury to a standard facility ...

• ...in most residential and commercial buildings...

• ... standard package...

...in London in 1834... ■ ...the first viable commercial system was...

■ ...methods to produce cooling in buildings...

• ...the vapour compression cycle is to...

• ...a working fluid called...

• ...the four basic components...

  6. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сказуемое.

• Air conditioning has rapidly grown from a luxury to a standard facility in most residential and commercial buildings and is usually accomplished with the use of mechanical or heat-activated equipment.

• In most applications, the air conditioner is to provide either cooling or dehumidification to maintain comfort in the building.

• The residential building sector is dominated by single family houses and low-rise apartments or condominiums, the cooling equip­ment applied in such building coming in standard 'packages'.

The first viable commercial system was produced in 1857 by James Harrison and D. Siebe.

• There are less popular ways to produce cooling in buildings: the absorption cycle and evaporative cooling.

  7. Переведите предложения, определив группу подлежащего.

• Commercial buildings range from large high-rise office build­ings to the corner storehouses with a great variety of equipment.

• Most systems utilize the vapour compression cycle to produce the desired cooling and dehumidification.

• The first patent for mechanically driven refrigeration system was granted to Jacob Perkins in London in 1834.

• With the vapour compression cycle, a working fluid, which is called the refrigerant, evaporates and condenses at suitable pressures.

• The four basic components in every compression refrigeration system are the compressor, condenser, expansion device, and evapora­tor.

  8. Определите части речи выделенных слов и перефразируйте предложения.

1. Located at the end of the main the vertical pipe drips condensate into return piping. 2. The main function of windows is to give light and ventilation. 3. A construction project is a complex net of con­

tracts. 4. A new shopping complex with a modern split system is re- i ported to be building here. 5. When we heat water, it turns into steam.

6. Concrete is a poor conductor of heat; besides, it doesn't catch fire.

7. Being fueled by gas, wood, oil, or coal, boilers fire automatically.

8. Air elimination from the piping and radiators is a must for steam systems to work properly. 9. This material is highly popular because of its light weight and relatively low cost.

9. Опишите схему.

10 Предельно кратко и информативно расскажите:

• о системах охлаждения;

• хладагентах;

• процессе охлаждения.

11 Переведите и используйте выделенные слова в своих предложениях.

This expert is a patentee for some well-known inventions. They train as civil engineers under a famous professor in this field.

New trainees will start next week.

A trainer is a person who trains people or animals for sport, work, etc, and a trainee is a person who is trained for a job.

• to examine, examiner, examinee;

• to employ, employer, employee;

• to interview, interviewer, interviewee;

• to oblige, obligor, obligee.

TEXT С

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

absorb, circulate, condenser, contact, expansion, effect, energy, feder­al, international, regulations, standard, identify, limit, production, thermal, toxicity, toxic, ethane, methane, series.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

heat exchanger — теплообменник, радиатор отопления;

to reject — отвергать, отклонять;

refrigerant— холодильный агент, хладагент;

medium — способ, средство, среда;

residential-sized equipment— размер оборудования для жилых зданий;

chiller — охладитель, холодильная установка;

heat exchanger — теплообменник;

capacity — вместимость, возможность, мощность, производи­тельность;

federal regulations — федеральные постановления/акты;

international agreements — международные соглашения;

restriction — ограничение, запрет;

toxicity — токсичность, ядовитость;

flammability — воспламеняемость;

airborne — переносимый по воздуху, воздушный;

exposure — подверженность воздействию.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

[The condenser is a heat exchanger used to reject heat from the re­frigerant to a cooling medium.]⁰ The refrigerant enters the condenser and usually leaves it as a sub-cooled liquid. Typical cooling mediums used in condensers are air and water. Most residential-sized equipment uses air, while many larger chillers use water.

[The refrigerant is at a temperature below that of the medium (air or water) to be cooled. The refrigerant travels through a heat ex­changer called the evaporator.]⁰ It absorbs energy from the air or wa­ter circulated through the evaporator. It is a direct expansion system if air is circulated through the evaporator. If water is circulated through

the evaporator, it is called a chiller. In either case the refrigerant does not make direct contact with air or water.

The kW of thermal cooling capacity produced by the air condition­er must not be confused with the amount of electrical power (also ex­pressed in kW) required to produce the cooling effect.

Many of the refrigerants are nontoxic and nonflammable. Howev­er, recent federal regulations and international agreements have placed strong restrictions on the production and use of CFCs* and HCFCs**. It is HFCs*** that are now being used instead of them.

ASHRAE**** has a standard numbering system to identify refri­gerants. Most of them are in the methane and ethane series. ASHRAE groups refrigerants by their toxicity and flammability. Toxicity is based on the upper safety limit for airborne exposure:

• Group A is nonflammable and less toxic.

• Group В is flammable and toxic.

*CFCs — chlorofluorocarbons are chemicals widely used in refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pumps. They deplete the ozone layer, and an International agreement to reduce their use was reached in the Montreal Protocol in 1987.

** HCFCs — hydrochlorofluorocarbons are enabling the phase-out of CFCs. They are energy-efficient, low-in-toxicity, cost effective and can be used safely.

***HFCs — hydrofluorocarbons are any of a class of partly chlorinated and flu- orinated hydrocarbons used as an alternative to chlorofluorocarbons in foam produc­tion, refrigeration, and other processes.

***ASHRAE— the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- condi­tioning Engineers. (1 900 п.зн.)

4. Соедините части АВ, чтобы получить законченное высказывание.

А.

1. The condenser is a heat exchanger used to...

2. Typical cooling mediums in condensers...

3. If air is circulated through the evaporator...

4. If water is circulated through the evaporator...

5. The kW of thermal cooling capacity must not...

6. Toxicity is based...

7. Recent federal regulations have placed...

B.

• ...are air and water.

• ...reject heat from the refrigerant to a cooling medium.

• ...be confused with the electrical power amount to produce the cooling effect.

• ...it is called a chiller.

• ...restrictions on the production and use of CFCs and HCFCs.

• ...on the upper safety limit for airborne exposure

• ...it is a direct expansion system.

  5. Ответьте на вопросы.

• What is a condenser?

• What is an evaporator?

• What is a direct expansion system?

• What is called a chiller?

• What is toxicity based on?

5. Из приведенных слов и словосочетаний составьте предложения.

■come, unitary and portable AC systems, room air conditioners, in two forms;

• not only to, the refrigerant works, cool, but, also, dehumidify it, in the room, the air;

■air conditioning technologies, innovation, in, continues,and,im- proving, indoor air quality, emphasizes on;

■a wet sponge, to draw, an evaporative cooler,is,outer air, through, soaked, with water;

• for venting, portable, air conditioners, all refrigerated type, re- quire, exhaust hoses.

7. Переведите письменно.

• In either case the refrigerant does not come into direct contact with air or water.

• The kW of thermal cooling capacity must not confused with the amount of electrical power (also expressed in kW) required to produce the cooling effect.

• Recent federal regulations and international agreements have placed strong restrictions on the production and use CFCs and HCFCs; it is HFCs that are being used instead of CFCs and HCFCs.

8. Дайте тексту название.

9. Письменно составьте аннотацию к тексту. TEXT D

   1. Выпишите интернациональные слова (не менее 12).

   2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

split system — раздельная система отопления и вентиляции;

fan system — система вентиляции;

vent flue — вентиляционный канал;

trunk duct— воздуховод;

discharge chamber— камера выпуска;

exhaust fan — вытяжной вентилятор;

to facilitate — способствовать, облегчать;

foul flues—взвешенные частицы (в воздухе);

exhaust flue — вытяжка, вытяжной канал;

hot-blast system — система подачи горячего воздуха;

radiator — радиатор, батарея, излучатель;

heating coil — нагревательный элемент, калорифер;

discharge opening — выпускное отверстие;

heat loss — потеря тепла.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Ventilation Systems

[if a regular air supply is needed, mechanical moving air is the on­ly adequate method.]⁰ The most popular one is a split or fan system for air ventilation at about room temperature. The split system is mod­ified to buildings with ventilation for certain periods of the time (of­fices, school buildings, etc). The precise temperature is maintained by the radiators; the fan system is operated if ventilation is crucial.

[Ventilation is to remove air at a supplied rate, a system of vent flues being provided for the purpose.]⁰ The flues from the separate rooms joining together in a trunk duct go ahead to a common dis­charge at the roof. The attic can be used as a discharge chamber, the flues leading directly to it. An exhaust fan is installed to facilitate the

foul flues removal at a velocity from 1,200 to 1,500ft per minute. In three- or four-storey buildings where the friction in exhaust flues is significant, an exhaust fan is known advantageous.

[The hot-blast system is attractive in industrial buildings as a means of supplying fresh air to replace fumes or moisture from man­ufacturing processes.]⁰ This system is predominantly popular if there is no space for radiators. Since such buildings are not often divided into many rooms, the air is supplied at a constant temperature through a trunk ducts system, the heating coils being placed on the suction side of the fan discharged directly into main duct.

Discharge openings are made in columns on each floor. The trunk and branch ducts are to be well insulated for the heat losses from im­perfectly insulated ducts are significant.

(1 300 п.зн.)

4. Из приведенных слов и словосочетаний составьте предложения.

• air ventilation, a split, the most, is, method, popular, for, at room temperature, or fan system.

• to remove, ventilation, is, the air, at the supplied rate, from, rooms, a system, for the purpose, of vent flue, being provided.

• poised is, the hot-blast system, very, for, attractive, industrial buildings, as, supplying fresh air, a means of.

• for steel construction, the ducts, buildings, from the columns, iron, are galvanized, and, roof trusses, or.

• no space for, hot-blast system, is predominantly, popular, ra­diators, there is, if.

• in, buildings, as, reinforced concrete, the hollow, are often used, the air ducts, columns.

• be well insulated, because of, the trunk, and, branch ducts, possible, heat losses, should.

5. Устно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на много­значность слов.

a) An increase of temperature in the boiler means corresponding increase of pressure, b) It is a case of finding the mean between 'ad­hesion' and 'cohesion', c) The mean of 7, 9, and 14 is 10. d) He seems to be bad-mannered; I mean he never even says 'Good morn­

ing' e) Determine the meanings of the words. f) The hot-blast system equipment was loaded by means of powerful cranes. g) It is impera­tive to improve the work of the means of transport and communica­tion in the area.

a) The heat of the burning fuel is used for generating steam. b) Af­ter the engine had run for 48 hours, the results of the test were excel­lent. c) The split system cannot be set, for it has been damaged.

a) The wind force was disastrous. b) The enemy forces were de­stroyed. An atmospheric pressure forces the water upwards.

a) He had to mark and number cars anew, for they were too old, no identification marks or numbers could be seen on their sides. b) They went out through side exits.

a) Community population numbers 12,000. b) The number of gadgets to be repaired per day should be increased. c) She has written a number of articles for the local newspaper. d ) My telephone num­ber is 123-45-67.

a) Students decided to better their English. b) A large-scale survey of all existing conditions is a decided advantage of urban planning. c) It is a decided change for the better. d) Better late than never (proverb).

a) The flat consists of three rooms. b) My friend rooms together with his brother. c) The boiler room is to have been equipped by the end of the month. d) There is enough room for a fan system. He is a big fan of this pop-group. e) Holland is a flat country. f) He lay flat on the floor. g) It is a wonderful theory but falls flat when put into practice.

6. Раскройте скобки.

• Recently, some split systems (to modify) to buildings with ven­tilation for certain periods of the time.

• The fixed room temperature usually (to keep) by radiators.

• The attic sometimes (to use) as a discharge chamber; the flues (to lead) directly to it.

• A new exhaust fan (to set up) to ease the removal of the foul flues at a proper velocity two months ago.

• If buildings (not to divide) into many rooms, the air is known (to supply) at a constant temperature through a trunk ducts system.

• As a rule, heating coils (to place) on the suction side of the fan discharged directly into main duct.

• When heating equipment and trunk duct (to place) on the roof, they (to discharge) the air into the top of each column.

7. Кратко перескажите текст. TEXT E

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

temperature, total, sum, balance, constant, radiation, convection, con­duction, reserve, adequate, determine, transmission, wall, condition, prevailing, orientation, climatic, thermal, local.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

aptitude — способность, умение (выполнять работу); total heat losses — суммарные потери тепла; convection — конвекция, перенос теплоты; conduction — проводимость, теплопроводность; heating system — система отопления;

reserve capacity — резервная мощность/производительность; reasonable — рациональный, приемлемый, подходящий; heating capacity — нагревательная способность; laying out— проектирование, планирование; heat transmission — теплопередача, теплоотдача; building exposure— расположение/ориентация здания; thermal insulation — тепло-/термоизоляция; to be compatible (with) — быть совместимым с ч-л; humidity — влажность.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

[The aptitude to keep a definite temperature in a building when the temperature is lower depends on the amount of heat and the total heat losses.]⁰ When the temperature is at the desired point, the sum of added heat should balance the lost in order to maintain a constant temperature via radiation, convection and conduction.

The required amount of heat depends on the building materials, the contents of the building, and the outer temperature. [The heating sys­tem should have a reserve capacity adequate to bring the temperature

up to the desired point in a reasonable duration of time.]⁰ That schools or industrial buildings can be kept at lower temperatures dur­ing the night or period when unoccupied — is evident.

Since the heating capacity depends on the heat losses, the first step in a laying out is to determine possible losses. [The main losses are due to the heat transmission through the outer walls plus convection losses because of wind conditions and building exposure.]⁰ The pre­vailing winter wind is proved to add at least 15% of the total heat losses on the exposed sides.

A thorough survey of all conditions of the site including building orientation, lay of land, and underground waters together with the av­erage rainfall should be paid particular attention to where environ­mental and climatic factors have a significant effect. Structural de­sign, style, and thermal insulation are to be compatible with local climatic and weather conditions especially severe ones. [Tall buildings are not recommended in places with strong winds and humidity caus­ing damage and excessive heat losses.]⁰ (1 340 п.зн.)

List of Heat Pump Types

• A split system is an outdoor unit where both a compressor and an indoor unit with a fan are placed. It is a quite operation as only the fan is inside the house to cir­culate the warm air.

• A hi-wall type is mounted on the wall. It is a very slim model with advanced features such as remote control, reverse cycle, sleep and digital timer and moisture removal.

• A compact floor console is put on the floor 60cm high and 74cm wide. It is a powerful and noiseless model.

• A ducted system is an invisible solution to heat the whole house.

4. Подберите синонимы.

8. standard (adj) (h) feasible

9. utilize (v) (i) generate

10. expansion (n) (j) diversity

11. variety (n) (k) increase

    5. Переведите предложения, определив группу сказуемого.

• The aptitude to keep a definite temperature in a building when the temperature is lower depends on the amount of heat and the total heat losses.

• More heat is to be added than to be lost via radiation, convection and conduction.

• This amount of heat does depend on the heat of the building ma­terials, the contents of the building, and the temperature increase.

• The heating system should have a reserve capacity adequate to bring the temperature up to the desired point in a reasonable duration of time.

• That schools or industrial buildings can be kept at lower tempera­tures during the night or period when unoccupied — is evident.

• Since the heating capacity depends on the heat losses, the first step in laying out a system is to determine possible losses.

• The main losses are due to the heat transmission through the out­er walls plus convection losses because of wind conditions and build­ing exposure.

• The prevailing winter wind is proved to add at least 15% of the total heat losses on the exposed sides.

• Structural design, style, and thermal insulation are to be compati­ble with local climatic and weather conditions, especially severe ones.

  6. Соедините части, чтобы получить предложения.

• Convection...

• Conduction...

• Radiator...

• Layout...

• Insulation...

...is a device used for heating, consisting of flat hollow

metal container fixed to a wall.

...is a way in which practical intention is arranged.

...is a material to protect pipes, buildings, etc.

...is the passage of electricity through wires, heat through

metal, etc.

.. .is the movement in gas or liquid caused by heat.

7. Закончите предложения.

• The heating system is to bring...

• The main heat losses are due to...

• Since the heating capacity depends on...

• The aptitude to keep a definite temperature in a building...

• When the temperature is at the desired point...

• A thorough survey of the site includes...

• Structural design, style, and thermal insulation are to...

• Tall buildings are not recommended...

• To minimize excessive heat losses it is necessary...

7. Дайте тексту название.

8. Кратко перескажите текст.

TEXT F

1. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Keeping cool has been a human concern for millennia... The idea of air conditioning had started before a machine was made to produce the cooling effect. First attempts were made by a physician John Gorrie (1803-1855) in Florida. Dr. Gorrie was the very man to create an ice-making machine blowing air over a bucket of ice for cooling hospital rooms of patients suffering from malaria and yel­low fever.

A close 'ancestor' to modern air conditioners was made in 1902 by an American engineer Willis Carrier. The machine called 'Apparatus for Treating Air' was built in New York. After that breakthrough, air conditioners began to bloom though they were large, awkward, expen- sive, and dangerous due to the toxic ammonia used as a coolant.

After World War II, first window unit air conditioners appeared. Today it is an invention that is almost impossible to live without.

(720 п.зн.)

2. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты:

• врач, доктор медицины

• получить развитие

• научный прорыв

• изобретение

• кондиционер, устанавливаемый в оконном проеме

• достичь желаемых результатов

• хладагент процветать

• прототип

• страдать

• из-за, по причине

• громоздкий

2. Перефразируйте.

• The idea of air conditioning had started before a machine was created to produce the cooling effect.

• Dr. Gorrie was the very man to make first attempts to cool hos­pital spaces.

■A close 'ancestor' to modern air conditioners was made in 1902 by an American engineer Willis Carrier.

The era of air conditioners started at the beginning of the 20^th century

• Today it is an invention that is almost impossible to live without.

  4. Определите главную идею и дайте тексту название.

  5. Письменно составьте аннотацию к тексту.

Information-to-Swallow HVAC

[HVAC* is an abbreviation standing for the closely related functions of 'Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning' which is a technology of indoor or automotive environmental comfort.]⁰ HVAC system design is a major subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the prin­ciples of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer.

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning is based on inventions and discoveries made by Nikolay Lvov, Michael Faraday, Willis Car-

tier, Reuben Trane, James Joule, William Rankin, Sadie Carnot, and many others. The HVAC systems components development went hand-in-hand with the industrial revolution.

[The central functions of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning are closely interrelated, providing thermal comfort, acceptable indoor air quality together with reasonable installation, operation, and main- tenance costs.]⁰ HVAC systems are to provide ventilation, reduce air infiltration, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces. Air delivery and removal is known as air distribution.

[Indoor air contaminants cause physiological changes in occupants and damage building materials, furnishings, and equipment for they may be thickly coated with some fumes from burning tobacco, fire- places, chimneys, and even candles.]⁰ As a result, it worsens human health affecting eyes, nose, throat and causing skin irritation, allergic response, difficulty in breathing, etc.

Data and calculation methods predicting all potential IAQ** prob­lems should be seriously considered to avoid or, at least, minimize them.

*HVAC— Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning system end-to-end accuracy;

**IAQ — Indoor Air Quality

(HVAC&R/HVACR — Seating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration' HACR — 'Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration')

(1 540 п.зн.)

❖ Подготовьте презентацию наиболее важных событий в области HVAC&R в России и за рубежом с учётом новейших строительных технологий.

Словарь к Разделу VI

• absorption — всасывание, впитывание, абсорбция;

• to accomplish — выполнять, совершенствовать;

• acoustical — акустический, звуковой;

• adequate — соответствующий, достаточный;

• advanced features — улучшенные характеристики;

• advantageous — выгодный, полезный;

• air conditioning— кондиционирование воздуха;

• air contribution — забор воздуха;

• air delivery — подача воздуха;

• air distribution — распределение воздуха;

• air removal — удаление воздуха;

• airborne — переносимый по воздуху, воздушный;

• alarm — тревога, сигнал тревоги, аварийная сигнализация;

• allergic response — аллергическая реакция, аллергия;

• ammonia — аммиак;

• amplifier — усилитель;

• to be apart (from) — быть отдельно, врозь;

• application — применение, использование;

• aptitude — способность, умение (выполнять работу);

• attic — мансарда, чердак;

• automotive — автомеханический;

• awkward — неуклюжий, неудобный;

• to bloom — расцветать, быть в расцвете;

• to blow — дуть, веять;

• breakthrough — прорыв, переворот (в технике);

• to bring up — увеличивать, поднимать, доводить;

• bucket — ведро, бадья, ковш;

• building exposure — расположение/ориентация здания;

• candle — свеча;

• capacity — мощность, производительность;

• chiller — охладитель, холодильная установка;

• chimney — дымоход, труба (дымовая или вытяжная);

• circuit — цепь, схема;

• to circulate — циркулировать, распространяться;

• closed-circuit television — замкнутая телевизионная система, система кабельного телевидения;

• column — зд. шахта, стойка;

• communication system — система связи, система коммуника­ций;

• to be compatible (with) — быть совместимым с ч-л;

• condenser — холодильник, конденсатор;

• condominium — квартира в доме-совладении;

• conduction— проводимость, теплопроводность;

• conduit — кабельный канал;

• connection — связь, соединение, контакт;

• console — стойка, шкафчик;

• convection — конвекция, перенос теплоты;

• cooling — охлаждение, система охлаждения;

• corner convenience store — магазин шаговой доступности;

• crucial— ключевой, критический, решающий;

• dehumidification — осушение (воздуха), удаление избытка влаги;

• to deplete — уменьшать, истощать;

• desired point — желаемый уровень;

• digital timer — цифровой таймер;

• discharge chamber — камера выпуска;

• discharge opening — выпускное отверстие;

• disposal— избавление, сброс, удаление;

• duct — труба, трубопровод;

• duration of time — период/продолжительность времени;

• end-to-end— непрерывной цепью, впритык;

• evaporator— испаритель, выпариватель;

• excessive — чрезмерный;

• exhaust fan — вытяжной вентилятор; >

• exhaust flue— вытяжка, вытяжной канал;

• expansion device — расширительное (дросселирующее) уст­ройство;

• expansion valve — расширительный клапан, вентиль;

• exposed — открытый, незащищённый, уязвимый;

• exposure — подверженность воздействию;

• to facilitate — способствовать, облегчать;

• facilities — аппаратура, оборудование, средства;

• fan system — система вентиляции;

• federal regulations — федеральные постановления/акты;

• fire alarm installation — система пожарной сигнализации;

• fire automatic detection — автоматизированное обнаружение/ выявление пожара;

• flammability — воспламеняемость;

• fluid — жидкость;

• foam — пена;

• to foresee— предвидеть;

• foul flues — взвешенные частицы (в воздухе);

• fume — дым, газы, испарение;

• to grant — представлять;

• heat exchanger — теплообменник, радиатор отопления;

• heat loss — потеря тепла;

• heat pump — тепловой насос;

• heat transmission — теплопередача, теплоотдача;

• heat-activated equipment — оборудование, активизирующееся

• в результате нагрева;

• heating capacity — нагревательная способность;

• heating coil — нагревательный элемент, калорифер;

• heating system — система отопления;

• high-rise building — высотное здание;

• hot-blast system — система подачи горячего воздуха;

• humidity— влажность;

• ice-making machine — ледогенератор;

• to identify — устанавливать, определять;

• imperfect — недостаточный, с изъяном;

• instead of— вместо, взамен;

• international agreements — международные соглашения;

• invention patentee — владелец патента на открытие;

• invisible — невидимый, скрытый;

• laying out — проектирование, планирование;

• loudspeaker system — акустическая система;

• low-rise apartment — малоэтажное жильё;

• luxury — роскошь, предмет роскоши;

• to make contact —- вступать в контакт;

• master antenna — коллективная антенна;

• medium — способ, средство, среда;

• moisture — влажность, сырость;

• moisture removal — удаление влаги;

• phase-out — постепенное сведение на нет, ликвидация;

• power equipment — энергетическое оборудование/оснащение;

• power input— входная мощность, силовой вход;

• power-limited — с ограниченной энергетикой;

• precise — точный, определённый;

• pressure — давление, сжатие;

• public address system — система оповещения населения;

• radiator — радиатор, батарея, излучатель;

• reasonable — рациональный, приемлемый, подходящий;

• to reduce — понижать, сокращать, уменьшать;

• refrigerant— холодильный агент, хладагент;

• refrigeration system — система охлаждения, холодильная ус­тановка;

• to reject — отвергать, отклонять, отводить (тепло);

• remote — дистанционный, действующий на расстоянии;

• remote control system — система дистанционного управления, система телеуправления;

• to remove — удалять, устранять;

• reserve capacity — резервная мощность/производительность;

• residential-sized equipment — размер оборудования для жи­лых зданий;

• restriction — ограничение, запрет;

• reverse cycle heating system — система отопления с тепловым насосом;

• security — безопасность, обеспечение безопасности;

• severe — суровый (о климате);

• sleep timer — таймер ночного режима;

• split system — раздельная система отопления и вентиляции;

• stairway — лестница;

• suction side — сторона всасывания/впуска;

• supplied rate — норма;

• thermal insulation — тепло-/термоизоляция;

• total heat losses — суммарные потери тепла;

• toxicity — токсичность, ядовитость;

• trunk — вентиляционная шахта, канал;

• trunk duct — воздуховод;

• universal use — повсеместное использование;

• vapour compression — сжатие пара;

• vent flue— вентиляционный канал;

• via — посредством, с помощью;

• viable — жизнеспособный;

• waste — отходы, мусор;

• wiring — электропроводка, монтаж электропроводки;

• to worsen — ухудшать;

• yellow fever — жёлтая лихорадка.

Раздел VII

SEWAGE TREATMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT TEXT A

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

civilization, chemicals, storm, separation, sanitary, discussion, effi­ciency, domestic, specialized, filter, seasonality, disinfection, regula­tion, resource, jurisdiction, composition, mechanical, biological, in­dustrial, commercial, technical.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

sewerage— канализация;

sewer— канализационная труба (коллектор);

sewage — сточные воды;

run-off— отходы, отбросы (промышленности);

pollutant — загрязняющий агент, загрязнитель;

contaminant — загрязняющее вещество, примесь;

domestic sewage — коммунально-бытовые сточные воды;

industrial wastewater— промышленные сточные воды;

residential wastewater — отходы коммунальной канализации;

institutional wastewater — сточные воды общественных предприятий;

waterway — водоспуск, водоотвод;

discharge сток (слив) сточных вод;

seasonality — сезонность, сезонные изменения;

street-flushing operation — поливка улиц;

backing-up — (гидр.) запруживание, затор;

treatment plant — станция по очистке, водоочистное сооружение; storm water — ливневые воды.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Sewerage*

[That the civilization increases, the social and technical progress have led to natural water resources composition changes, rivers, lakes and ground waters containing numerous pollutants of various origin — is obvious.]⁰

Sewage created by residential, institutional, commercial and in­dustrial (ICI) establishments includes household waste liquid from

toilets, baths, laundry waste, showers, kitchens plus storm water run- off that is disposed via sewers. [Sewage must be removed promptly in order to avoid endangering people health passing through special treatment.]⁰ Sewage from residence is domestic sewage; the one from industrial processes is industrial waste.

[Sewerage systems are known to be combined sewers.]⁰ They can complicate and reduce the efficiency of treatment plants due to seaso­nality. Heavy storms contributing more flows than treatment plants can handle overwhelm the sewage system and cause its spill or over­flow.

[As rainfall picks up various contaminants (soil particles, heavy metals, animal urine and feces, organic compounds, oil and grease), jurisdictions oblige to treat storm water discharging into waterways.]⁰ Retention basins, wetlands, filters and vortex separators to remove coarse solids are used for it. Sanitary sewers are smaller than storm ones, and backing-tip of raw sewage occurs if excessive storm water is allowed into sanitary sewer systems.

Sewage collection and treatment is under discussion of local, state and federal regulations and standards. Separation of household waste into 'grey' and 'black' water is in common all over the world but de­pends on local conditions. Thus, 'grey' water is permitted for watering plants, toilets and street-flushing operations.

[In spite of definite progress in abating water pollution, many en­terprises still need both time and money to meet water quality stan­dards; environmental regulations and general guidelines ensure ac­ceptable discharge of wastewater effluent.]⁰

* 'Sewerage' can mean:

• system of sewers;

• removal of waste by sewer system;

• sewage.

(1 750 п.зн.)

4. Выберите предложение, выражающее главную мысль текста.

• Sewage is a type of wastewater and a potential source of pollu­tion, especially in urban areas.

■The removal of sewage is accomplished by sewers which are a part of a sewerage system.

• Sewage is a liquid waste containing some solids from households and industry.

• Humanity is making progress in abating water pollution.

• Sewage composed of different types of wastes is to be removed passing through treatment.

  5. Соедините части AB, чтобы получить законченное высказы­вание.

А.

1. Sewage is the mixture of waste...

2. Sewer is a pipe or passage under the ground that carries...

3. Contaminant is...

4. Pollutant is a substance that makes air, water, soil, etc. dangerously...

5. Run-off is rain or...

6. Environment is air, water, and land...

7. Environmental regulations, guidelines and policies guarantee...

8. Endanger is to put someone or something...

9. Sewerage is the system by which waste material and water are car­ried...

B.

1. ...away waste material and used water from houses and factories.

2. ...a poisonous substance that makes something impure.

3. ...away in sewers and then treated to stop it being harmful.

4. ...from the human body and used water that is carried away from houses by sewers.

5. ...acceptable discharge of wastewater effluent.

6. ...other liquid that flows off the land into the rivers.

7. ...in a dangerous situation where they can be hurt, damaged, or de­stroyed.

8. ...dirty, and is caused by cars, factories, etc.

9. ...in which people, animals, and plants live.

6. Переведите предложения, учитывая многозначность слов.

• 1). There have been significant computer developments during the last decade. 2). A piece of land was sold for development.

• 1). The chemical plant to be constructed here will be the largest in the country. 2). This kind of plants is preferable here to decorate exteriors of the building.

• 1). The material is known to be the most important component of concrete. 2). Have you got any concrete proposals as to what should be done?

• 1). The British Museum currently houses a library. 2). Prefabri­cated structures and precast elements are classified into two principal groups — for residential houses and industrial buildings.

• 1). The dam could not withstand the water pressure. 2). They must consider all necessary water conditions to suit a particular ce­ment application. 3). Politeness is not his strong suit 4). They have been shown two suits; one is a set of a jacket with trousers, and a second includes a jacket with a skirt.

• 1). Industrial waste has found its way into the water supply. 2). It was a total waste of time and money. 3). To be unemployed is a real waste of talents.

• 1). The best treatment for a cold is to rest and drink lots of flu­ids. 2). This method of sewage treatment to be adopted will depend only on local conditions. 3). That fluid movements and gestures are graceful is evident.

• 1). To raise the issue means the problem should be discussed. 2). It is very difficult to take issue with current analyses. 3). A corpo­ration will issue all employees with uniforms and badges.

• 1). The place had completely changed since we went there two years ago. 2). Since primary treatment is insufficient, other kinds of treatment are used. 3). Since you are unable to solve the problem, we'll have to ask somebody else to do it.

6. Кратко перескажите текст.

7. Переведите, определив группу сказуемого.

• That the civilization increases, the social and technical progress have led to natural water resources composition changes, rivers, lakes and ground waters containing numerous pollutants of various origin — is obvious.

• As rainfall travels over roofs and the ground, it does pick up various contaminants, i.e. soil particles, heavy metals, animal urine and feces, organic compounds, oil and grease.

• Sewage created by residential, institutional, commercial and in­dustrial establishments includes household waste liquid as well as storm water run-off that disposed via sewers must be promptly re­moved to avoid endangering the people health passing through special treatment methods.

• Heavy storms contributing more flows than the treatment plant can handle overwhelm the sewage system and cause its spill or over­flow.

• Despite industry is making progress in abating water pollution, many companies still need much time to meet federal water quality standards.

  9. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Suffering from thirst, large cities have two main concerns in water. One is that there is an adequate water supply to meet demand for both household and industrial use. The other is the water quality.

In fact, only 2 percent of supplied public water is estimated to be potable and widely applicable for drinking and cooking. The largest part of household water is for bathrooms: 135 litres for a bath, eight litres a minute for a shower and up to 27 litres each time the toilet is flushed.

As for typical urban household, it consumes approximately 1,000 litres of water a day. Less than 3 percent of all available water all over the world is estimated fresh water. Most of it is out of human reach, for it is trapped as polar ice or deep ground waters. (620 п.зн.)

9. Подберите эквиваленты.

   1. снабжение, поставка a) to be thirsty

   2. потребность, спрос b) demand

   3. испытывать жажду с) potable

   4. захваченный d) to consume

   5. потреблять, расходовать е) available

   6. промывание струей f) trapped

   7. годный для питья, питьевой g) supply

   8. доступный, имеющийся в наличии h) flush

11. Дайте тексту название.

TEXT В

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

float, physical, chemical, biological, filtration, pump, microorganism, separation, irrigation, agriculture, landscape, park, golf, court, ecolo­gy, concentration, prior, goal, recreation, urban, lagoon, recycling, municipal.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетании.

pretreatment— предварительная очистка;

primary treatment — первичная очистка;

secondary treatment — дополнительная очистка;

tertiary treatment — окончательная очистка;

clarifier— очистная установка, фильтр;

to be subjected to —подвергаться чему-либо;

decomposable — способный к разложению, разложимый;

habitat — среда обитания, естественная среда;

effluent polishing — доочистка, удаление остаточных примесей из

питьевой воды;

wastewater treatment plants — водоочистная станция, станция во­доочистки;

potable— годный для питья, питьевой;

impact— воздействие, влияние;

recycling — утилизация, повторное использование, регенерация;

to dilute — разжижать, разбавлять, растворять.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания;

Sewage Treatment

Conventional sewage treatment involves at least four stages: pre­treatment, primary, secondary and tertiary.

Pretreatment removes large particles such as trash, bits of cloth, tree limbs, leaves, other — before they can damage or clog pumps and skimmers of primary treatment clarifiers.

Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids settle to the bottom, oil, grease and lighter solids floating to the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed, and the liquid is subjected to secondary treatment.

Since primary treatment is insufficient, partly clarified sewage still containing decomposable substances is to undergo secondary treat­ment. Secondary treatment requires a separation process to remove microorganisms prior to discharge. Secondary treatment removes dis­solved and suspended biological matter, which is performed by indi­genous, water-born microorganisms, in a habitat.

Tertiary treatment is defined as anything more than both primary and secondary treatments. Wastewater treatment includes physical, chemical and biological processes. If disinfection is used, it is a final process known as effluent polishing.

[The treatment goal is to remove completely or to reduce significantly the concentration of all existing contaminants so that received water can suit its desired end-use without any adverse ecological impact.]⁰

[Highly treated effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants is a reliable source of water for irrigation, industrial recycling and either non-potable or potable reuse.]⁰ If not reused, treated wastewater is commonly discharged into a water body (stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland) and diluted. (1 460 п.зн.)

4. Ответьте на вопросы.

• What stages does conventional sewage treatment involve?

• What does primary treatment consist of?

• What does secondary treatment require?

• What is tertiary treatment?

• What does pretreatment lead to?

• What other wastewater treatments do you know?

  5. Выберите ответ на вопрос ‘Why should sewage go through ter­tiary treatment?'

• because more than one treatment process should be used at any plant to remove all existing contaminants or considerably reduce the concentration of such contaminants so the water becomes fit for its desired end-use.

• because primary secondary treatment is not sufficient, and part­ly clarified sewage does contain many decomposable substances.

• because secondary treatment requires a separation process to remove microorganisms.

6. Закончите предложения.

• Treated water is sometimes disinfected...

• After treatment wastewater is either reused or...

• The object of all treatment processes is...

• Highly treated wastewater effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants...

• If not reused, treated water...

  7. Расположите предложения согласно логике изложения.

1. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater re­charge or agricultural purposes. 2. First, the solids are separated from the wastewater stream. 3. The final effluent can be discharged into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for the irriga­tion of a golf course, green way or park. 4. Finally, the biological sol­ids are neutralized and disposed of or reused, and the treated water may be disinfected chemically or physically (for example by lagoons and micro-filtration). 5. The sewage treatment involves three stages, called primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. 6. Then, dissolved biological matter is progressively converted into a solid mass by means of indigenous, water-borne microorganisms.

7. Переведите письменно, обращая внимание на 'to'-формы.

• Pretreatment removes substances to be easily collected from raw wastewater before they spoil or clog pumps and skimmers of pri­mary treatment clarifiers.

• Since primary treatment is not sufficient, partly clarified se­wage, still containing decomposable substances, is to go through sec­ondary treatment.

• Secondary treatment requires a separation process to get rid of either present dissolve or suspended biological matters.

• To remove completely or to decrease the concentration of all existing contaminants is an obligatory task of any treatment process.

• Highly treated effluents are known to be a reliable source of water for agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial recycling as well as non-potable or even potable reuse.

9. Прокомментируйте.

Water supply system is analogous to human circulatory system. Heart pumps blood via arteries, veins, and capillaries to bring oxygen to all parts of the body. Water pump delivers water via primary, secondary, and distributor water mains to supply water to all consumers.

(230 п.зн.)

TEXT С

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

sanitary, variation, pathogenic microorganism, bacterial, population, temperature, conservation, demonstrate, mimic, toxic, monitoring, goal, regular, parameter, compound, final, total, ultraviolet, radiation, classification, socio-economic, protection, management.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

3. to affect smth — воздействовать, влиять;

4. living standards — уровень жизни;

5. dependability — надёжность;

received environment — обычные условия/среда проживания;

impurity— грязь, примесь; health hazard — вред здоровью;

final disposal— завершающий/конечный сброс сточных вод;

crucial — решающий, критический;

disease — болезнь, заболевание;

to have unpredictable impact— иметь непредсказуемые последствия;

biota — биота, флора и фауна определённой местности;

to take responsibility (for) — брать на себя ответственность;

to forbid — запрещать;

odour — запах, аромат;

turbidity — мутность;

demand — потребность, спрос.

6. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания. Wastewater Treatment in the Received Environment

[Municipal wastewater from sanitary conveniences of residential and ICI facilities with groundwater and storm water affects climate,

living standards, dependability and quality of water supply, water conservation requirements, etc — i.e. it impacts received environ­ment.]⁰ Wastewater contains organic materials, nutrients, pathogenic and toxic impurities which entail ecological and health hazards and is to be treated before final disposal. [The final goal of wastewater man­agement is the protection of the environment in accordance with pub­lic health and socio-economic concerns.]⁰ Understanding of waste­water nature is crucial for selecting effective treatment technologies.

[Treatment processes mimic natural ones. Bacteria feed on organic contaminants notably changing environment. Many disease-causing microorganisms are reduced naturally by ultraviolet radiation (UV).]°

[Recent evidence has demonstrated that specific contaminants have an unpredictable adverse impact on the biota altering source, loca­tion, geological conditions, level depth, and seasonal changes, as well as domestic, agricultural and industrial activity.]⁰

An Environment Agency in any developed country takes a respon­sibility lor the water quality forbidding uncontrolled discharges; water pollution quality standard monitoring is regularly carried out.

Physical parameters include colour, odour, temperature, and tur­bidity. Insoluble contents such as solids, oil and grease also fall into this category.

Chemical parameters associated with organic contents include bi­ochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon ( TOC) and total oxygen demand (TOD).

There is an international classification of water purity:

• Good quality, Class la means highest quality water.

• Good quality, Class lb stands for lower quality water of the same use,

• Fair quality, Class 2 needs treatment to make potable water.

• Poor quality, Class 3 is moderately polluted water for industrial purposes.

• Bad quality. Class 4 stands for grossly polluted water. (1 750 п.зн.)

4. Составьте план текста.

5. Из приведенных слов и словосочетаний составьте предложения.

• effective technologies, is fundamental for, wastewater treatment plants, an understanding of the waste-water nature, to select.

• in many countries, of wastewater, discharges, are forbidden, uncontrolled.

• public health, of waste-water management is, the ultimate goal, the protection of the environment, in accordance with, and socio­economic concerns.

• generally, contains, untreated waste-water, high levels, nu­trients, numerous, of organic material, pathogenic microorganisms, and toxic compounds, as well as.

• of water, the quantity, since, also, it, diluent, discharged, sewage treatment works, is, taken into consideration, dilutes, from.

6. Расшифруйте аббревиатуру терминов, например: GHG is a short form of/ stands for/ means greenhouse gases.

a) BOD; h) COD); с) TOC; d) TOD; e) UV.

7. Выберите предложения, отражающие основное содержание текста.

• Physical parameters of water include colour, odour, temperature, and turbidity.

• Urban wastewater is the combination of fluid wastes originating in the sanitary conveniences of dwellings, commercial or industrial facilities and institutions.

• There are five water quality groups of classification.

• The ultimate goal of waste-water management is the environment protection in accordance with public health and socio-economic con­cerns.

• Recent evidence has demonstrated an unpredictable adverse im­pact on the natural biota if the water is reused.

• The wastewater nature is significant to select effective treatment technologies.

• Uncontrolled discharges of wastewater are forbidden in many countries.

8. Переведите письменно.

• Municipal wastewater is known to be the combination of water- carried wastes originating in the sanitary conveniences of dwellings, commercial or industrial facilities and institutions, in addition to groundwater, surface water and storm water with variations in water usage, which is affected by climate, community size, living standards, dependability and quality of water supply, water conservation re­quirements etc.

• An urban water supply system cannot service its customers un­less there is a continuous supply of water to meet domestic consump­tion needs in the broadest sense and water needs for structural fire pro­tection.

• Current proofs have shown that if the water is reused for drink­ing water, certain impurities in wastewater either hormones or synthet­ic materials are able to have an unpredictable impact on the natural biota and human beings as well.

8. Перескажите текст, пользуясь планом.

9. Прокомментируйте высказывание.

It isn`t pollution that's harming the environment. It`s impurities in our air and water that are doing it. (Dan Quayle)

TEXT D

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

historically, absolutely, siphon, condition, urban, public, private, as­phalt, reservoir, periodic, scale, line, toilet, natural, complex, intersec­tion, architect, management, drainage, individual, cholera, population, irrigation.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

natural sewage disposal — естественный сброс сточных вод;

natural water body — естественный водоём;

drain — водосток, дренажная канава, система осушения;

cesspool — сточный колодец;

plumbing pipes — зд. сточные канавы;

leak — течь, протечка, утечка;

siphon conduit — сифонный трубопровод;

sanitary conditions — санитарно-гигиенические условия;

water management system — водохозяйственная система;

precipitation — выпадение осадков;

sludge — густая грязь;

cesspit — помойная/выгребная яма;

fouls — нечистоты.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Historical Highlights

[Historically, human settlements were close to water sources, and rivers doubled a form of natural sewage disposal for early sewage was directed to a natural water body.]⁰

The Indus architects designed sewage systems on a large scale. The drains were seven to ten feet wide at two feet below ground level with U-shaped bottoms. Designers installed cesspools with steps leading down tor periodic cleaning. By 2700BC cities had plumbing pipes with broad flanges to stop leaks.

The first sanitation siphon conduits were found in Greece, and they are still (about 3,000 years!) in good condition.

Rome and Istanbul ancient sewer systems are perfectly function­ing, the pipes being rerouted to modern sewer treatment.

In 46 BC-400 AD Romans had a complex net of sewers out of hol­low elm logs butted together.

[Overcrowded communities required more intricate sewerage to meet high-quality sanitary conditions with outdoor flushed toilets.]⁰ There were public and private baths in urban areas, a sophisticated water management system with numerous reservoirs having been established.

However, many past cities had no sewers relying on the nearest riv­ers and occasional precipitation to cleanse. Wastewater was running down the streets with stepping stones to keep pedestrians from dirt and sludge. The over-polluted communities became a constant source of water-borne diseases. In South Wales inhabitants discharged their se­wage to cesspits causing the pavements to be flooded with fouls.

[Today, advanced drainage is a demand and humanity necessitates good water for drinking, supporting aquatic life, generating electric - power, irrigating crops, and recreation.]⁰ Thus, the need for perfect wastewater treatment cannot be overestimated. (1 460 п.зн.)

4. Выберите предложения, не выражающие главную идею текста.

• Historically, early human habitations were built close to water resources.

• The past architects designed sewage disposal systems on a large scale.

• The first sanitation systems are still, after 3,000 years, in good condition.

• Developed countries required intricate sewer systems to achieve ideal sanitary conditions in crowded communities.

• The population growth became a constant source of water- borne diseases.

• Modern humanity does necessitate good quality water.

• The need for perfect wastewater treatment cannot be overem­phasized.

  5. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста.

• Being vital and unique water...

• Early human habitations were...

• Many past cities had no...

• Ancient architects designed sewage disposal systems ...

• To achieve better sanitary conditions early civilizations...

• Modern community badly needs...

• It is absolutely impossible to overestimate...

6. Переведите цепочки слов.

Introduction

Classification introduction

Methods classification introduction

Monitoring methods classification introduction

Quality monitoring methods classification introduction

Water quality monitoring methods classification introduction

Town water quality monitoring methods classification introduction

Data

Lack data

Promotion lack data

Production promotion lack data

Components production promotion lack data

System components production promotion lack data

Sanitation system components production promotion lack data

Benefits

Development benefits

Strategy development benefits

Reduction strategy development benefits

Threat reduction strategy development benefits

Pollution threat reduction strategy development benefits

Water pollution threat reduction strategy development benefits

6. Кратко перескажите текст.

7. Прокомментируйте.

Benefits for man are benefits for nature.

Information-to-Swallow (1) Reclaimed Water Use 1. Irrigation

Treated effluents can be used to irrigate crops or landscaped areas. The main consideration is the water quality and its suitability for plants. Another problem is public health and safety hazards from the potential presence of bacterial pathogens, parasites, and viruses.

2. Industrial use

Reclaimed water is ideal for industrial processes that do not require potable water. Industrial water contains evaporated cooling water, boi­ler-feed water, process water, and the around plant landscape main­tenance water. Any reuse is associated with corrosion, biological growth, fouling and foaming. These problems are also encountered when fresh water is used, though. Boiler-feed water should be sof­tened and demineralized.

2. Recreational use

Reclaimed water is widely used for basins, pools, ponds and lakes for swimming, fishing, boating, fountains, and fish farming. The greater the potential of human contact, the higher the treatment level required (coagulation, filtration, and disinfection).

2. Groundwater recharge of reclaimed wastewater is to lessen water table decline, protect groundwater in coastal aquifers against salt­water invasion, and store water.

It includes surface spreading in basins and direct injection into aquifers. The method improves the reclaimed water quality, for it per­colates through soil, unsaturated zone, and aquifer. Direct injection involves the pumping of reclaimed water directly into an aquifer. The

only disadvantage to be mentioned is the groundwater contamination risk.

2. Potable reuse

Although extensive research is being conducted, there are many ac­tive constraints on the determination of appropriate water quality cri­teria. The direct potable use of reclaimed municipal wastewater is li­mited because of public rejection and health, safety and aesthetic con­cerns. (1 560 п.зн.)

Information-to-Swallow (2)

Wastewater Contaminants

Suspended solids (SS) lead to sludge deposits and anaerobic con­ditions when untreated wastewater is discharged to the aquatic envi­ronment.

Biodegradable organics are made up of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. If discharged into inland rivers, streams or lakes, they tend to deplete natural oxygen resources and cause septic conditions hazard­ous to aquatic species.

Pollutants, both organic and inorganic, are highly toxic, carcino­genic, and mutagenic.

Pathogenic organisms cause infectious diseases.

Refractory organics include surfactants, phenols and agricultural pesticides.

Heavy metals, usually added by commercial and industrial activi­ties, are to be removed before wastewater reuse. Dissolved inorganic constituents such as calcium, sodium and sulfate must be removed as well.

(680 п.зн.)

❖ Подготовьте презентацию наиболее важных событий в области очистки и использования сточных вод в России и за ру­бежом с учётом новейших строительных технологий.

Словарь к Разделу VII

• to abate — уменьшать, снижать;

• adverse — неблагоприятный, вредный;

• to affect smth — воздействовать, влиять;

• anaerobic — анаэробный (протекающий без воздуха);

• aquatic — водяной, водный;

• aquatic environment — водная среда;

• aquifer — водоносный слой/пласт/горизонт (почвы);

• backing-up — (гидр.) запруживание, затор;

• biodegradable — поддающийся биологическому разложению;

• biota — биота, флора и фауна определённой местности;

• boiler-feed water— вода для питания котлов;

• to but — соединять встык, состыковывать;

• carbohydrates — углеводы;

• carcinogenic — канцерогенный, онкогенный;

• cesspit — помойная/выгребная яма;

• cesspool — сточный колодец;

• clarifier — очистная установка, фильтр;

• to cleanse — очищать, промывать;

• to clog — засорять, забивать;

• coagulation — коагуляция (свёртывание и осаждение взве­шенных коллоидных веществ);

• coastal — прибрежный, береговой;

• combined — объединённый, совместный, комбинированный;

• to complicate — затруднять, осложнять;

• concern — проблема, забота;

• constraint — ограничение, сдерживающий фактор;

• contaminant — загрязняющее вещество, примесь;

• crucial — решающий, критический;

• decline — ухудшение, спад;

• decomposable — способный к разложению, разложимый;

• demand — потребность, спрос;

• dependability — надёжность;

• to dilute — разжижать, разбавлять, растворять;

• discharge — сброс (слив) сточных вод;

• disease — болезнь, заболевание;

• disinfection — дезинфекция, обеззараживание;

• dissolved — растворённый;

• domestic sewage — коммунально-бытовые сточные воды;

• to double -дублировать, замещать;

• drain — водосток, дренажная канава, система осушения;

• effluent — отвод сточных вод, сброс, сток;

• effluent polishing — доочистка, удаление остаточных приме­сей из питьевой воды;

• elm — вяз, ильм (дерево);

• to encounter — сталкиваться;

• endangering — создание угрозы, поставление в опасность;

• estimated — примерный, предполагаемый, теоретический;

• to evaporate — испарять, превращать в пар; '

• excessive — избыточный;

• feces — экскременты, фекалии;

• final disposal — завершающий/конечный сброс сточных вод;

• flange — утолщённый борт/закраина;

• to float — зд. всплывать;

• flushed — сливной, проливной;

• to forbid — запрещать;

• fouls — нечистоты;

• grease — жир;

• grossly — избыточно, чрезвычайно;

• ground waters — грунтовые, подземные, подпочвенные воды;

• guidelines — руководящие указания/установки/документы;

• habitat — среда обитания, естественная среда;

• to have unpredictable impact — иметь непредсказуемые по­следствия;

• health hazard — вред здоровью;

• hollow— пустой, полый;

• household — хозяйственный, бытовой;

• impact — воздействие, влияние;

• impurity — грязь, примесь;

• indigenous —- свойственный, присущий;

• industrial wastewater— промышленные сточные воды;

• injection — закачивание, вливание, вбрызгивание;

• inland— внутренний, удалённый от моря;

• insoluble — нерастворимый;

• institutional wastewater — сточные воды общественных пред­приятий;

• invasion — вторжение, проникновение, инвазия;

• jurisdictions — органы власти;

• lagoon — отстойник, отстойный пруд/бассейн;

• laundry — прачечная;

• to lead (led) — приводить, вести;

• leak — течь, протечка, утечка;

• limb — ветка, ветвь, сук;

• living standards — уровень жизни;

• log — бревно;

• to mimic — имитировать, воспроизводить;

• moderately — умеренно;

• monitoring — мониторинг, слежение;

• mutagenic — мутагенный, вызывающий мутации;

• natural sewage disposal — естественный сброс сточных вод;

• natural water body — естественный водоём;

• nutrient — питательное вещество, зд. остатки пищи;

• to oblige — обязывать, заставлять;

• obvious — очевидный;

• odour —- запах, аромат;

• outdoor — находящийся вне помещения;

• to overestimate — переоценивать;

• overflow — переполнение;

• to overwhelm — переполнять, заливать, выводить из строя;

• to percolate — просачиваться, проникать сквозь, проходить;

• pesticide — пестицид, ядохимикат;

• phenol — фенол, карболовая кислота;

• to pick up — подбирать, захватывать, увлекать с собой;

• plumbing pipes — зд. сточные канавы;

• polishing — доочистка, удаление остаточных примесей из питьевой воды;

• pollutant— загрязняющий агент, загрязнитель;

• potable — годный для питья, питьевой;

• precipitation — выпадение осадков;

• pretreatment— предварительная очистка;

• primary treatment — первичная очистка;

• process water — техническая вода;

• promptly — быстро, немедленно, срочно;

• quiescent basin — неподвижный, статический резервуар;

• received environment -— обычные/существующие усло­вия/среда проживания;

• recharge — пополнение, подпитывание;

• reclaimed — регенерируемый, восстановимый;

• reclaimed water — оборотная вода;