Раздел II

BUILDINGS and their functions TEXT A

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

structure, activity, comfort, territory, central, period, function, history, adapt, condition, aesthetic, specific, characteristics, detail, classify, antenna, debate, telecommunication, locate, separate, double, regular, horizontal, method, artistic.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

real estate development — строительство недвижимости;

human-made structure — сооружение, созданное человеком;

to provide privacy — обеспечивать право на частную жизнь;

earthwork structure — земляное сооружение, зд. землянка;

dwelling — жилище, жилое помещение;

density — плотность, концентрация;

a matter of debate — предмет спора;

internal infrastructure — внутренняя инфраструктура;

intricate system — запутанная сложная система;

regular maintenance — регулярное содержание/техническое об­служивание;

conveying system — система транспортировки;

efficiency code - нормы и правила культуры производства;

to reduce construction waste — уменьшать отходы строительства;

artistic expression — художественное выражение;

building practices — строительные техники, приёмы, методы.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Building Part One

In architecture, construction, engineering and real estate develop­ment* the word building may refer to one of the following:

1. Any human-made structure used for supporting or sheltering;

2. An act of construction (i.e. the activity of building).

[Buildings serve several needs of society — primarily as shelter from weather and as general living space, to provide privacy, to store belongings and to comfortably live and work.]⁰ A building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat (a place of com­fort and safety).

[The first shelter on Earth constructed by a relatively close ances­tor to humans is believed to be built 500.000 years ago by Homo erectus.]⁰

The most ancient homes on the territory of Central Russia were shallow earthwork structures covered by wood or fells. Such dwel­lings existed in the Upper Paleolithic period — from 40.000 to 12.000 years ago.

[Historians consider the ancient Egyptians to be the first builders known to mankind. It's through the Egyptians that the modern world learned basic design in erecting buildings ]⁰

Buildings come in a wide amount of shapes and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, to land pric­es, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons.

Due to population growth and increasing density in urban areas, buildings become higher. According to the most general characteris­tics, a multi-storey building is a building that has multiple floors above ground in the building. Multi-storey buildings aim to increase the area of the building without increasing the area of the land the building is built on. hence saving land and, on most cases, money (de­pending on material used and land prices in the area).

(1 500 п.зн.)

Part Two

[Structural height in technical usage is the highest architectural detail on building from street-level. Depending on how they are classi­fied, spires and masts used as antennas are not generally included.

The definition of a low-rise vs. a high rise building is a matter of debate, but generally three storeys or less is considered low-rise.]⁰

Any building requires a certain amount of internal infrastructure to function, which includes such elements like heating/cooling, power and telecommunications, water and wastewater. etc. Especially in commercial buildings (such as offices or factories), these can be ex­tremely intricate systems taking up large amounts of space (some­times located in separate areas or double floors false ceilings) and constitute a big part of the regular maintenance required.

[In large commercial and residential buildings conveying systems to transport people are presented by elevators, escalators and moving sidewalks (horizontal and inclined).]⁰

In recent years, due to efficiency codes which have come into ef­fect in many countries, new construction technologies and methods have emerged. The main objective of modern construction practice is to improve efficiency performance and reduce construction waste.

Ever since the first cave paintings, buildings have become objects of artistic expression. In recent years, interest in sustainable planning and building practices has also become part of the design process of many new buildings. ( I 260 п.зн.)

*Real estate development is a multifaceted business, encompassing activities that range from the renovation and re-lease of existing buildings to the purchase of

raw land and the sale of improved parcels to others. Development is the carrying out of building, engineering, mining or other operations in, on, over or under land, or making of any material change in the use of any buildings or other land.' (Planning Act 1990, UK) (360 п.зн.)

4. Переведите предложения[...]⁰ письменно.

5. Выберите предложение, выражающее главную идею текста.

• New construction technologies and methods have emerged re­cently.

• Buildings have been adapted throughout history tor a wide number of factors.

• Any building requires a certain amount of internal infrastruc­ture to function.

• Buildings serve as general space to comfortably live and work.

• Buildings come in a wide amount of forms and functions.

  6. Расположите заголовки согласно содержанию текста.

• The main objective of modern construction practice.

• Internal infrastructure of buildings.

• A bit of history on buildings.

• Definition of the word 'building'.

• The advantages of multi-storey buildings.

6. Кратко перескажите текст. TEXT В

   1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

specific, type, brilliant, decade, factor, practical, monument, concept, diversification, articulate, visible, association, form, role, costume, occupation, utilitarian, emphasize, principle, final, creative, propor­tion. compose.