Exercise 2. Translate the text.

Laser

The word «laser» means «Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation». What is a laser beam and what special is there about a laser beam, that makes it different from other beams of light?

We know that light consists of waves. These waves are very short-much too short to be seen directly. An ordinary light consists of waves all out of phase, out of step with each other. White light or sun-light is also a mixture of every possible wavelength. Waves of red light are about twice as long as waves of blue light.

All the waves in a laser beam have the same wavelength. A laser beam has a very definite colour. The red colour of the ruby is one of the most widely seen colour in them. But the difference between an ordinary beam of ruby red light and a laser beam of ruby red light is that in the laser beam the waves are all in step with each other. This orderly behaviour of the laser beam makes a big difference, and there's one more difference to be mentioned. Most beams of light, like the car headlamps, for example, are continuous. They shine all the , time. But the laser beam is intermittent, and it's off much longer than it's on. Because these switches on and off are very last, the eye doesn't see them. While the laser beam is off the energy for the next flash is building up, and when it comes, it's a very intense flash indeed. So lots of power can be packed into a laser beam. Besides that, an ordinary beam of light diverges. It gets wider and wider, and therefore dimmer and weaker as it goes on. But a laser beam doesn't diverge in this way. So it carries its energy in a compact form, until it's absorbed when it strikes something opaque.

Exercise 3. Translate the termcombinations into Russian.

1. Abbreviated address calling;

2. Access contention resolution;

3. Accounting authority identification code;

4. Active position addressing;

5. Adaptive differential pulse code modulation;

6. Alarm indication signal;

7. Alternate mark inversion code;

8. Automatic booked call service;

9. Automatic transferred charge call service;

10. Backward sequence number;

11. Call progress signal;

12. Calling number indication service;

13. Centralized multi-end-point-connection;

14. Channel associated signalling;

15. Circuit-switched data communication service

16. Cladding surface diameter deviation;

17. Coast station identity;

18. Code independent channel;

19. Command entry sequence;

20. Common channel signalling;

21. Connected switching path pictorial element;

22. Constant failure rate period;

23. Continuity check transponder;

24. Corrected equivalent resistance error;

25. Coupled reperforator and tape reader;

26. Cumulative exchange service unaccessibility

27. Customer dialled operator assisted call service;

28. Data circuit-terminating equipment;

29. 29. Data signal quality detection;

30. Data switching exchange;

31. Decentralized multi-endpoint-connection;

32. Demand telecommunication service;

33. Despotic synchronized network;

34. Dialogue procedure;

35. Digital line path;

36. Digital radio system;

37. Direct manual demand operation;

38. Distributed frame alignment signal;

39. Double phantom circuit;

40. Dual telephone numbers service;

41. Echo corrected reference equivalent;

42. Emergency call service;

43. Equivalent random traffic intensity;

44. Error-detecting system;

45. External loss time;

46. Failure rate acceleration factor;

47. Fault location time;

48. Flow control parameter selection;

49. Four concentric circles refractive index template;

50. Frame alignment recovery time;

51. Frequency shift modulation;

52. Fully automatic reperforator transmitter distributor;

53. Gateway mobile service switching centre;

54. General telecommunications information service;

55. Government telex calls;

56. Harmful out-of-band components;

57. Hierarchic mutually synchronized network;

58. Hypothetical reference connection;

59. Incoming call barring service;

60. Indirect manual demand operation;

61. Information structure meta-language;

62. Initial signal unit alignment;

63. Integrated digital network;

64. Integrated services digital network;

65. International automatic circuit;

66. International mobile station identity;

67. International multiple destination sound-programme circuit section;

68. International network management;

69. International sound-programme transmission;

70. Justifiable digit time slot;

71. Leased circuit data transmission service;

72. Lead-transfer-acknowledgement signal;

73. Logical channel;

74. Long-term bit error rate;

75. Maritime satellite data switching exchange;

76. Mean holding time per seizure;

77. Mean service access delay;

78. Message switching exchange;

79. Mobile station identification number;

80. Modified alternate mark inversion code;

81. Multi-channel voice-frequency telegraphy;

82. National mobile station identity;

83. Network architecture functional model;

84. Noise cancelling microphone;

85. Nominal transmission loss;

86. Number repetition service;

87. Office document architecture;

88. Open systems interconnection;

89. Opposite poles;

90. Optional user facility;

91. Packet field;

92. Peak busy hour;

93. Permanent circuit telecommunication service;

94. Preventive cyclic retransmission method;

95. Primary digital group;

96. Private number ringing signal;

97. Probability density function:

98. Programme booking centre;

99. Public data transmission service;

100. Pulse echo return loss;

101. Radio control path;

102. Random access;

103. Real open system;

104. Redundant line signal;

105. Relative time interval error;

106. Remote maintenance;

107. Route set congestion control;

108. Selective accounting service;

109. Service user abandonment probability;

110. Ship station number;

111. Signal-conversion equip­ment;

112. Signal unit error rate monitoring;

113. Signalling link management functions;

114. Simple multipoint circuit;

115. Start-stop telegraph signal;

116. Stored program control system;

117. Subscriber call charge meter service;

118. Supplementary telephone service;

119. Switched transit country;

120. Systems-manage­ment-application entity;

121. Telecommunication service attribute;

122. Telegraph switching exchange;

123. Telex basic control function repertoire;

124. Telex network identification code;

125. Terminal international exchange;

126. Test call indicator;

127. Threshold amplifier;

128. Time consistent busy hour;

129. Timing recovery;

130. Transit network identification;

131. Transmission reference point;

132. Transparent data transfer phase;

133. Two-way-alternate interaction;

134. Unsuccessful call;

135. User information transfer rate;

136. Videotex service centre;

137. Voice-frequency multiplex aggregate;

138. Wear-out failure period;

139. Wide area telephone service;

140. Wide band telegraphy.

Exercise 4. Translate the termcombinatlons into Russian.

1. Access to supplementary services;

2. Answering time of operators;

3. Associated mode of operation;

4. Automatic retransmitter with controlled tape-feed mechanism;

5. Bit-order of transmission;

6. Closed user group with outgoing access;

7. Confirmation of clearing signal;

8. Connection through an exchange;

9. Conventional degree of distortion;

10. Decision instant of a digital signal;

11. Degree of synchronous start-stop distortion;

12. Directory number of a land mobile station;

13. Effectively transmitted signals in sound-programme transmission;

14. End of selection;

15. Error correction by detection and repetition;

16. Establishment of communication;

17. First choice set of circuits;

18. Holding time of an international circuit;

19. International number of mobile station;

20. Interworking in the telex service between different networks;

21. Level of maintenance;

22. Loss mode of operation;

23. Mean time between interruptions;

24. Modulation with a fixed reference;

25. Number of significant conditions;

26. Pair of comple­mentary channels;

27. Parcel of traffic;

28. Peak amplitude of an elementary echo;

29. Prefix giving access to the intercontinen­tal automatic transit telex network;

30. Probability of successful service completion;

31. Quality of service; 32

32. Ratio of compression;

33. Reliability in analogue cable transmission systems;

34. Restriction in the outgoing direction service

35. Safety of line telex calls;

36. Setting-up times of an international call;

37. Significant instant of a digital signal;

38. Specific positive recorded announcement with supplementary information;

39. Subscriber line out of order;

40. Successive phases of a call;

41. Telephony input and output points for the line link;

42. Time between failures;

43. Types of sound-programme circuit;

44. Unit element error rate for isochronous modulation;

45. User class of service;

46. User of a telecommunication network;

47. Carrier-to-noise ratio;

48. Signal-to-noise ratio;

49. Point-to-point radio communication;

50. AF-analog-to-frequency converter;

51. Analog-to-digital converter.

*Exercise 5. Find the Russian equivalents for (he following English termcombinations.

1. aeronautical carrier frequency	1. радиовещательная служба
2. airborne electronic aid	2. международный контроль
3. artificial earth satellite	3. телеграфия с частотной манипуляцией
4. broadcasting service	4. морская радионавигационная служба
5. community reception	5. допустимый уровень мощности
6. counterclockwise	6. микроволновая система посадки
7. digital selective calling system	7. рабочий угол места
8. electric-field vector	8. судовая радиотелефонная станция
9. equivalent isotropically radiated power	9. радиочастотный канал
10. flight identification number	10. спутниковая сеть
11. frequency-shift telegraphy	11. воздушная несущая частота
12. identification digits	12. неприемлемая помеха
13. international monitoring	13. спектральная плотность мощности
14. long-distance communication	14. система цифрового избирательного вызова
15. maritime radionavigation service	15. искусственный спутник Земли
16. microwave landing system	16. наземная радиосвязь
17. narrow band direct printing	17. вектор (напряженности) электрического поля
18. operating angle of elevation	18. технические характеристики
19. performance characteristics	19. широкополосная телеграфия
20. permitted power level	20. бортовое электронное средство
21. positional tolerance	21. дальняя связь
22. radio frequency channel	22. эквивалентная изотропно излучаемая мощность
23. recapitulative supplement	23. допустимое отклонение положения
24. satellite network	24. цифровая серия опознавания
25. ship radiotelephone station	25. против часовой стрелки
26. spectral power density	26. сводное дополнение

27. опознавательный номер рейса

28. переменный уровень

29. узкополосное буквопечатание

30. коллективный прием

*Exercise 6. Find the English equivalents for the following Russian termcom-binations.

1. стационарная земная станция воздушной службы	1. circular polarization
2. воздушная станция	2. emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station
3. угол места горизонта	3. gain relative to a short vertical antenna
4. автоматическое устройство связи	4. frequency conversion
5. позывной сигнал	5. ionospheric scatter
6. круговая поляризация	6. airborne station
7. береговая радиотелефонная станция	7. mobile satellite service
8. сложная система	8. extremely high frequency
9. пеленгаторная градуировочная станция	9. passive microwave sensor
10. эффективная монопольная излучаемая мощность	10. primary frequency allotment
11. станция радиомаяка-указателя места бедствия	11. vestiginal sideband
12. крайне высокая частота	12. coast radiotelephone station
13. частотное преобразование	13. radiodetermination satellite service
14. разнос частот	14. composite system
15. коэффициент усиления относительно короткой вертикальной антенны	15. single-sideband emission
16. ионосферное рассеяние	16. frequency separation
17. сухопутная подвижная станция	17. station keeping
18. среднее солнечное время	18. aeronautical earth station
19. подвижная спутниковая служба	19. protection ratio
20. сигнал навигационного пре дупреждения	20. effective monopole radiated power
21. пассивный микроволновый датчик	21. right-hand polarized wave
22. допустимая помеха	22. space radiocommunication
23. первичное выделение частот	23. automatic communication device
24. защитное отношение	24. permissible interference
25. спутниковая служба радио определения	25. mean solar time
26. правосторонне поляризованная волна	26. call sign
27. судовая земная станция	27. navigational warning signal
28. однополосное излучение	28. land mobile service
29. космическая радиосвязь	29. angle of elevation of the horizon
30. удержание спутника на орбите	30. direction-finding calibration station
31 частично подавленная боковая полоса	31. ship earth station

*Exercise 7. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the termcombinations.

1. The transmitting and receiving equipment intended to be used in a given part of the frequency spectrum should be designed to take into account the technical characteristics of the transmitting and receiving equipment likely to be employed in neighbouring and other parts of the spectrum, provided that all technical and economically justifiable measures have been taken to reduce the level of unwanted emissions from the latter transmitting equipment and to. reduce the susceptibility to interference of the latter receiving equipment.

2. The transmitting stations shall conform to the maximum permitted spurious emission power levels.

3. The performance characteristics of the receivers should be adequate to ensure that they do not suffer from the interference due to the transmitters situated at a reasonable distance and which operate in accordance with the Radio Regulations.

4. The signals for testing and adjustment shall be chosen in such a manner that no confusion will arise with a signal, abbreviation, etc., having a special meaning defined by the International Code of Signals.

5. When a number of the stations work simultaneously in a common circuit, either as the relay stations, or in parallel on different frequencies, each station shall, as far as practicable, transmit its own identification or those of all the stations concerned.

6. When a broadcasting station uses more than one frequency in the international service, each frequency may be identified by a sepa-rate call sign used solely for this frequency or by some other appropriate means, such as announcing the name of the place and the frequency used.

7. In the exclusive aeronautical mobile frequency bands, the aircraft stations using radiotelephony may use other methods of identification, after special agreement between the governments, and on the conditions that they are internationally known.

8. The sites and the frequencies for the terrestrial stations operating in the frequency bands shared with the equal rights between the terrestrial radiocommunication and the space radiocommunica-tion services shall be selected having regard to the relevant CCIR Recommendations with respect to the geographical separation from the earth stations.

9. The earth station antennae shall not be employed for the transmission at the elevation angles of less than 3° measured from the horizontal plane to the direction of the maximum radiation, except when agreed to by the administrations concerned and those whose services may be affected.

10. The power radiated by each radiobeacon properly so-called shall be adjusted to the value necessary to produce the stipulated field strength at the limit of the range required.

11. The ship stations, when in a communication with a port station, may, on an exceptional basis and subject to the agreement of the administration concerned, continue to maintain a watch, on the appropriate port operating frequency only, provided that the watch on 156.8 MHz is being maintained by the port station.

12. For the observation messages intended for an official meteorological service, the use shall be made of the frequencies made available for the meteorological purposes, in conformity with the regional agreements made by the services concerned for the use of these frequencies.

13. The coast stations shall not occupy the idle radiotelephone channels by emitting the identification signals, such as those generated by the call ships or tapes.

14. When submitting the notices for the frequency assignments to an earth or space station for transmitting or for the frequency assignments to be used for the reception by an earth or space station, the separate notices shall he submitted to the Board for each assignment.

15. The symbol ?Т is used to denote the apparent increase in the equivalent noise temperature for the entire satellite link referred to the output of the receiving antenna of the receiving earth station due to the interfering emission from the link.