Must, have to, be to must

1. The modal verb must has only one form. For the missing tense forms must is substituted with to have to, to be to and to be obliged to.

2. Must and have to are used when we think it is necessary to do something. Sometimes it doesn't matter which you use.

• We haven't got any money. We must (=have to) go to the bank.

• Oh it's nearly 11 o'clock! It's later than I thought. We must (=have to) go.

• We had to go to the hospital yesterday.

But there is difference between must and have to and sometimes this is important.

Must is personal We use must when we give our personal feelings e.g. He is the chief of the com­pany. You must meet him (it is important for you). I must go to the doctor (it is necessary for you). I must write a letter to my parents. I haven't written them for ages.

"Have to" is impersonal We use have to for facts, not for our personal feelings. (You have to do something) because of a rule or the sit­uation: e.g. The traffic is heavy here. You can't turn right here. You have to turn left (be­cause of the traffic rules). Many children have to wear glasses as their eye­sight isn't very good. I can't come out with you this evening. I have to work late.

Compare I must get up early tomorrow. There are a lot of things I want to do.

I have to get up early tomorrow. I'm going away and my train leaves at 6 o'clock.

Note: If you are not sure which verb to use, it is safer to use have to.

3. We use must to talk about the present or future, but never about the past. We use have to in all forms:

• I must work now = I have to work now

• We must go to the meeting tomorrow = We have to go to the meeting tomorrow

But: We had to stop in the village because everybody felt very tired.

4. In questions and negative sentences with have to, we use do (does) or did.

• Do I have to work right now?

- You don't have to work right now.

- You could tell them the truth, but you didn't have to tell it at all.

- He is not working tomorrow, so he doesn't have to get up early.

5. Mustn't and don't have to are completely different.

You mustn't do some­thing. = It is necessary that you do not do it (so, don't do it). You promised to be on time. You mustn't be late. (=You must be on time).

You don't have to do something = You don't need to do it (but you can if you want). He can help me if he wants but he doesn't have to help me (=he doesn't need to help me).

Note: have got to = have to

MUST

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Obligation, necessity with no freedom of choice or from the speaker’s point of view.	Must – present or future time contexts; in past time contexts in Indirect Speech	должен	The Indefinite Infinitive	+ ?	to be obliged to it is necessary for smb to do smth	If you feel worse you must call the doctor. What must we do to keep fit? She said that I must go to the doctor. Must you shout so loudly? (when someone’s behaviour is annoying)
2. Prohibition	Mustn’t	не должен, нельзя	The Indefinite Infinitive	–	to be forbidden	The girl mustn’t go home alone. It’s very late.
3. Emphatic request (invitation) or advice	Must Mustn’t	(обязательно) должен	The Indefinite Infinitive	+ –		You must come and see me sometime. You must drop in at the chemist’s on your way home.
4. Supposition, implying assurance (уверенность), strong probability.	must	вероятно, должно быть, наверное, по-видимому, очевидно, по всей вероятности	All forms of the Infinitive	Only in the affirmative form in affirmative and negative sentences.	probably, evidently, surely, no doubt, undoubtedly, it’s clear that, in all probability	He must be mad. He must be still sleeping. She must have gone. He must have never been there. She must have been playing the piano for more than three hours.
5. Deduction логический вывод, заключение	must	вероятно, должно быть, наверное, по-видимому, очевидно, (вывод на основе ситуации или контекста)	All forms of the Infinitive	Only in the affirmative form in affirmative and negative sentences.	probably, evidently, surely, no doubt, undoubtedly, it’s clear that,	Jack is putting on his hat and coat. He must be going out.

Note 1: Absence of necessity is expressed by needn’t. e.g. Must I mention all those facts in my report? – Yes, you must. They are very important. – No, you needn’t. they are of no use.

Note 2: The modal verb must may be used for the sake of emphasis. In this case must is not translated into Russian, it merely emphasizes some action or idea. Just when we were about to leave, the phone must ring. – Только мы собрались уходить, телефон возьми и зазвони. As we were starting what must he do but cut his finger. – Только мы начали, он возьми да и порежь себе палец.

Note 3: Must is not used in the negative form to express supposition implying assurance. This meaning is expressed by: a) Evidently (probably) they didn’t come to any agreement. b) They must have failed to buy that book. c) They must have misunderstood us. d) He must have never guessed the truth. e) No one must have told them the truth.

Note 4: Must is not used with reference to the future. In this case its equivalents are used. E.g. She is likely (unlikely) to come. I’ll have to read it again.

Exercises. Must and can’t 1. Put in must or can't.

1. You've been travelling all day. You ...rnust... be very tired.

2. That restaurant ………………be very good. It's always full of people.

3. That restaurant ……………….be very good. It's always empty.

4. You're going on holiday next week. You be looking forward to it.

5. It rained every day during their holiday, so they have had a very nice time.

6. Congratulations on passing your exam. You be very pleased.

7. You got here very quickly. You have walked very fast.

8. Bill and Sue go away on holiday very often, so they be short of money.

2. Complete the sentences with a verb in the correct form.

1. I've lost one of my gloves. I must ...have dropped... it somewhere.

2. They haven't lived here for long. They can't ...know... many people.

3. Ted isn't at work today. He must ………………….ill.

4. Ted wasn't at work last week. He must ……………ill.

5. (The doorbell rings) I wonder who that is. It can't ………………………….Mary.

She's still at work at this time.

6. Carol knows a lot about films. She must ………………………to the cinema a lot.

7. Look. Jack is putting on his hat and coat. He must …………………..out.

8. I left my bike outside the house last night and this morning it isn't there any more.

Somebody must…………………………………….…… it.

6. Ann was in a very difficult situation. It can't………………………………………………easy for her.

10 There is a man walking behind us. He has been walking behind us for the last 20 minutes.

He must…………………………………..……………us.

3. Read the situations and use the words in brackets to write sentences with must have and can't have.

1. The phone rang but I didn't hear it. (I / asleep) ... I must have been a sleep.

2. Jane walked past me without speaking, (she / see / me) …She can’t have seen me…

3. The jacket you bought is very good quality, (it / very expensive)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. I haven't seen the people next door for ages, (they / go away)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. I can't find my umbrella. (I / leave / it in the restaurant last night)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Don passed the exam without studying for it. (the exam / very difficult)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. She knew everything about our plans, (she / listen / to our conversation)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Fiona did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (she / understand / what I said)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I / forget / to turn it off)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. The lights were red but the car didn't stop, (the driver / see / the red light)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. I was woken up in the middle of the night by the noise next door, (the neighbours / have /a party)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1 must can't must 5 can't 6 must 7 must 8 can't

2 be have been be go or have been be going have taken / have stolen have been 10 be following

3 It must have been very expensive. They must have gone away. I must have left it in the restaurant last night. The exam can't have been very difficult. She must have been listening to our conversation. / She must have listened to... She can't have understood what I said. I must have forgotten to turn it off. The driver can't have seen the red light. The neighbours must have been having a party.

To have+ Infinitive.

The modal expression to have+ Infinitive is used in three tense forms: the Present Indefinite, the Past Indefinite and the Future Indefinite.

e.g. I have to get up at six every day. (had to get up, shall/will have to get up)

The negative and interrogative forms of this modal expression are formed with the help of the auxiliary do.

Did you have to walk all the way home? I did not have to walk, I took a tram.

Only the Indefinite Infinitive Active and Passive can be used in this modal expression.

e.g. I had imagined we should have to hold a large house-party for the occasion.

To have+ Infinitive expresses an obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances. Its meaning is close to that of to be obliged. It is often rendered in Russian by приходится, должен, вынужден.

e.g.

And if my father was fighting sometimes he wouldn't let us into the house so that we had to stay out all night

И если мой отец дрался, он иногда не впускал нас в дом, так что нам приходилось ночевать на улице.

Though both the modal expressions to be+ Infinitive and to have+ Infinitive express a shade of obligation or necessity, there is a great difference in their meaning.

Compare:

e.g. As I was to be there at 5 sharp (part of an arrangement), I had to take a taxi (necessity arising out of this arrangement). Так как я должен был быть там ровно в пять, мне пришлось взять такси.

In colloquial English and especially in American English have got + Infinitive is often used in the same meaning as have + Infinitive.

This modal expression is used in the Present Indefinite tense only.

e.g. Okay, we'll beat'em to it. Dick, we've got to watch things and be ready.

The negative and interrogative forms are formed without any auxiliary.

e.g. Have you got to do all this work yourself? No, I have not got to work so much.

There is a tendency in Modern English to use got + Infinitive in the same meaning.

e.g. You can smile away till you split your cheeks, but you still got to do a day's work to earn a day's wages, and apples don't grow on monkey-trees.

TO HAVE (GOT) TO

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Obligation, necessity arising out of circumstances	Have (has) to; had to; shall (will) have to; have (has) got to (in colloquial English) Do (does) … have to? Did … have to …? Have (has) … got to …? (coll.)	должен, прихо-дится, вынужден	The Indefinite Infinitive	+ ?	to be obliged to	If she feels worse, I will have to call the doctor. I didn’t know how long I had to stay there. Do you have to get up early every morning? Have you got to get up early tomorrow morning? Did you have to wait for us?
2. Absence of necessity	Don’t (doesn’t) have to; didn’t have to (indicates that the action was not performed as there was no obligation); haven’t (hasn’t) got to	не нужно, нет необходимости	The Indefinite Infinitive	_	needn’t do	He doesn’t have to be here before Friday. He didn’t have to water the flowers (and he didn’t). It was raining all day long.

Note: Have to as a modal verb can be used together with the modal verb may: We may have to wait long here. – Нам, возможно, придётся долго здесь ждать.

1. Complete these sentences with must or have to (in the correct form). Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only have to is possible.

1. It's later than I thought. I ...must or I have to… go now.

2. Jack left before the end of the meeting. He ...had to … go home early.

3. In Britain many children wear uniform when they go to school.

4. When you come to London again, you come and see us.

5. Last night Don became ill suddenly. We , call a doctor.

6. You really work harder if you want to pass the examination.

7. I'm afraid I can't come tomorrow. I work late.

8. I'm sorry I couldn't come yesterday. I work late.

9. Paul doesn't like his new job. Sometimes he work at weekends.

10. Caroline may go away next week.

11. We couldn't repair the car ourselves. We take it to a garage.

12. Julia wears glasses. She wear glasses since she was very young.