Will —would

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infini­tive	Kinds of senten-ces	Ways of express­ing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Volition (воля) (willingness - готовность, readiness, con­sent -согласие, intention, determination –решимость).	I (we) will won’t – for the present tense; I (we) would wouldn’t – for the past tense.	Непременно, обяза­тельно, охотно, хочу (же­лаю), не желаю, не допущу, не позволю	The Inde­finite Infi­nitive	+ –	I intend I’m willing I’m de­termined We wish We want	I `will tell him about your com­ing. You may come if you `will. I’ve often spoken at public meetings but this time I won’t. I said I would take part in the conference.
2. Persistence –настойчивость or refusal to perform an ac­tion.	will (won’t) – for the present tense; would (wouldn’t) – for the past tense.	всё равно (делает), упорно от­казывается	The Inde­finite Infi­nitive	+ –	He in­sists on She keeps on She re­fuses	The teacher scolds her for whis­pering at the lesson, but she will whisper. I won’t accept your offer. I asked him to tell me the truth, but he wouldn’t.
3. Refusal or persistence to perform an ac­tion with life­less things.	will (won’t) – for the present tense; would (wouldn’t) – for the past tense.	никак не, продолжает делать	The Inde­finite Infi­nitive	+ –	It keeps on It refuses They continue	The door will not open. The orange won’t peel. The engine wouldn’t start. He tried hard to stop the car but, it would move.
4. Commands (in military context it is a strict com­mand).	will	должны, следует	The Inde­finite Infi­nitive	+ ?	order	Officers will report for duty at 08.00. Will you be quiet! – Замолчишь ли ты, наконец? Don’t be late, will you? – Не опаздывай, понял?
5. Requests (polite re­quests, polite invitations and suggestions).	will would		The Inde­finite Infi­nitive	?	Could you give … May I ask you to give …	Will you have another cup of tea? Will you pass me the salt, please? Would you, please, pass the salt? Would you be so kind as to pass me the salt?
6. Inevitability неизбежность, characteristic behaviour, quality, or smth naturally expected.	will (would)		The Inde­finite Infi­nitive	+		What will be will be. – Чему быть, того не миновать. Boys will be boys. – Маль­чишки всегда остаются маль­чишками. Truth will be out. – Истины не утаишь. That’s exactly like Mary – she would lose the key.
7. Disapproval of smth ex­pected.	would (wouldn’t)	этого и следовало ожидать, на него по­хоже, ко­нечно же	The Inde­finite Infi­nitive	+ –		He refused to interfere. – He would. I don’t like it! – No, you wouldn’t. You would be late! You would forget!
8. Habitual or recurrent повторяю-щиеся ac­tions.	will (the present tense – not common); would (the past tense – literary style)	обычно, бывало, имел обык­новение	The Inde­finite Infi­nitive	+	used to	That romantic girl will sit staring at the night sky. He would visit his aunt every week last year.
9. Prediction, a certainty about the present or the future (in a similar way as must).	will would	очевидно, конечно, наверное, наверняка	The Inde­finite Infi­nitive The Per­fect Infi­nitive	+ –	must	This will be our train. That would be he! John will have arrived by now. – in this case must is impossible as with a perfect infinitive it has a reference to the past.

Note 1: Remember the following phrases: 1. would rather (лучше), would sooner (скорее). I would rather do it myself. He would sooner die than do it. 2. Would you mind my staying there? I wouldn’t mind your joining us. 3. You would, would you? – Ах, ты так!

Note 2: We use used to + infinitive for things that happened regularly in the past or for things that were true in the past but are not true now.

Would & Used to + infinitive can refer to repeated actions and events in the past, but only used to can refer to past states: When we were children we would /used to go skating every winter. I used to have an old Rolls-Royce.

Exercise 1. Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the form and meaning of the verb will (would).

A: 1. And I want you to help me, sir, if you will. 2. People will gossip, it’s in their nature. 3. I will wait for you for a thousand summers till you are back beside me! 4. Now, miss, if you will be so good, listen to me! 5. “I will lead you home if you will trust me,” she said. 6. Whatever will be, will be! 7. Keep your mouth shut, will you? 8. — Will you invite them for the weekend? — No, they will be away. 9. I will take no more “I love you” from you. 10. A wise man changes his mind, a fool never will. 11. There’s none so blind as those who will not see. 12. Boys will be boys. Sometimes girls will be boys. 13. We’d like her to retire but she won’t listen. 14. Emma has a strong character: she will not do what she is told to do. 15. Friends will be friends right to the end. 16. “Bad accidents”, he said, “will happen.” 17. Well, I’ll leave you now if you will excuse me. 18. If you think that a language is hard, it will be hard. 19. He will chair the meeting. Always.

B: 1. He had a wound that wouldn’t heal. 2. Once again, fate would intervene and change Norris’s course. 3. Why she has to go I don’t know, for she wouldn’t say. 4. He would say over and over again that he wouldn’t leave his father till he was better. He wouldn’t agree to leave him to the care of the nurses. 5. If you would be happy for a week, take a wife; if you would be happy for a month, kill a pig; but if you would be happy all your life, plant a garden. 6. Tired though she was, sleep wouldn’t come to her. 7. He knew that one day he would win the world. 8. The monks would rise at four and pray and pray and pray. 9. She would often lie awake for a long time after she had gone to bed, thinking and planning. 10. Sometimes Bessie would come up to my lonely bedroom, bringing a piece of cake, sometimes she would tell me a story, and sometimes she would kiss me goodnight. 11. — Someone’s knocking at the door. — That would be the Pest Control man. 12. Not for love or money would he do it! 13. — Would you help me? — I would be delighted to do it!

Exercise 2. Make up sentences and translate then into Russian.

I	will	get	what I can.
He	would	meet	your escape.
She	would rather	begin	you about it if you forget.
We		have	our life again.
You		leave	of staying to dinner.
They		watch	another dentist for you in the future.
Mother		go	it.
		arrange	it to you.
		remind	this book, cost what it may.
		take	her that very evening.
		do	for hours on the shore and look at the sea.
		not answer	him fish and not try to fish herself.
		not hear	there with pleasure.
		find	some photographs taken.
		sit	to anyone.

Exercise 3. Make up sentences.

Will	you	give	opinions about the play?
Would		mind	the window?
		tell	these things while I put on my coat?
		exchange	me the time, please?
		like	your overcoat?
		see	opening the window?
		let	to see the new film which is on now?
		hold	us to our seats?
		help	me tell you how I proceeded?
		open	me, Nora? I think I shall do a bit of gardening?
		take off	me a piece of bread for I am very hungry?

DARE

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Ways of expressing the same meaning		Sentence patterns
As a modal verb:
1. To have the courage or independence to do smth, to venture. (рисковать, отважиться)	dare (daren’t, don’t dare) – for the present tense; dared (dared not, didn’t dare) – for the past tense.	сметь, осмелиться, слабо	The Indefinite Infinitive	+ – ?		He has got the courage … Are you brave enough … to be afraid to …		How dare he speak to you like that? How dare you sneak into my room like this? He daren’t write anything in case it isn’t good. Dare you ask him? That’s as much as I dare spend on it. I hardly dared tell him what had happened. He didn’t dare go there without his friends.
As a full transitive verb:
1. To have the courage, impudence (наглость) or independence to do smth, to venture.	don’t (doesn’t) dare + to-Infinitive – for the present tense; didn’t dare + to-Infinitive – for the past tense.	сметь, иметь храбрость, осмелиться, иметь наглость	The Indefinite Infinitive	negative interro-gative		He didn’t have the courage …	He didn’t dare to stop me. She doesn’t dare to answer. Don’t you dare to touch me?
2. To challenge, to defy	dare to – the present tense; dared to – the past tense.	Бросать вызов, спровоцировать	The Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative		I challenge you to do smth	I dare him to do this. I dare you to say this straight to her face.

Note: Remember the following combinations with the modal verb dare: I dare say– I suppose, no doubt. (Осмелюсь предположить, пожалуй, полагаю). I dare say you are right. – Очень возможно (пожалуй), что вы правы. I dare say he will come later. – Полагаю (осмелюсь предположить), он придёт поздно.

Exercise 1. Read, translate and comment on the use of the verb dare (to).

1. Molly dare not think about that. 2. Neither of them dared to speak of what he might do when he came. 3. “They dare not touch it either, even if they do know where it is,” replied Old Nancy. 4. How do you dare deceive me? You are fired! 5. I daresay, young man, it’s time you settled down. 6. Still, I daresay we could reach the camp before dusk if we don’t have to make too many stops. 7. She doesn’t dare to go dancing. 8. Children didn’t dare to misbehave. 9. Sergey dared not disobey the teacher. 10. How did you dare play truant? 11. He longed to know more about her, yet he did not dare ask her anything.

Exercise 2. Translate into English.

1. Как ты смеешь разговаривать с взрослыми таким тоном? 2. У меня не хватает смелости поговорить с ней об этом. 3. И у тебя хватает наглости жаловаться на его отношение к тебе? На его месте я бы разговаривал с тобой построже. Я думаю, он слишком мягок в обращении с тобою. 4. Как ты смеешь вмешиваться не в свое дело? Они старше тебя и сами разбираются во всем. 5. У нее не хватает смелости прийти к вам и рассказать обо всем. Но я уверена, что она ни в чем не виновата.

1.Он, должно быть, (вероятно) продал свое пианино. He must have sold his piano. 2. Он, возможно, (может быть) продал свое пианино. He may have sold his piano. 3. Может быть, он и продал свое пианино (хотя едва ли). Не might have sold his piano. 4. Не может быть, что он продал свое пианино. He can't have sold his piano. 5. Ему следовало продать пианино. He should have sold his piano.

6. Ему не следовало продавать пианино. He shouldn't have sold his piano. 7. Он мог и не продавать пианино (не было необходимости). He needn't have sold his piano.

8. Ему не понадобилось продавать пианино. He didn't have to sell his piano. 9. Ему пришлось продать пианино: He had to sell his piano.

10. Ему предстояло продать пианино. He was to sell his piano.

1. Они, должно быть, уехали в Нью-Йорк. They must have gone to New York. 2. Они, возможно, уехали в Нью-Йорк.They may have gone to New York. 3. Может быть, они и уехали в Нью-Йорк (хотя едва ли). They might have gone to New York.

4. Не может быть, что они уехали в Нью-Йорк. They can't have gone to New York.

5.Им следовало уехать в Нью-Йорк (а они не уехали). They should have gone to New York 6 Им не следовало уезжать в Нью-Йорк (а они уехали). They should not have gone to New York. 7. Они могли и не уезжать в Нью-Йорк (а они уехали). They need not have gone to New York. 8. Им незачем было уезжать в Нью-Йорк (они и не уехали). They did not have to go to New York. 9. Им пришлось уехать в Нью-Йорк. They had to go to New York.

10. Им предстояло уехать в Нью-Йорк. They were to go to New York.

1. They must be working abroad. Они, должно быть, работают за границей… 2. They may be working abroad. Они, может быть, работают… 3. They might be working abroad. Может быть, они и работают … (хотя едва ли) 4. They can't be working abroad. Не может быть, что они … 5. They must have worked abroad. Они, должно быть, работали… 6. They may have worked abroad. Они, может быть, работали… 7. They might have worked abroad. Может быть, они и работали…(хотя едва ли) 8. They can't have worked abroad. Не может быть, что они работали… 9. He must be at work. Он, должно быть, на работе. 10. He must have been at work. Он, должно быть, был на работе. 11. He may be at work. Он, может быть, на работе. 12. He may have been at work. Он, может быть, был на работе. 13. He might be at work. Может быть, он и на работе (хотя едва ли)

14. He might have been at work.Может быть, он и был на работе (хотя едва ли) 15. He can’t be at work. Не может быть, что он на работе. 16. He can’t have been at work. Не может быть, что он был на работе.

1. He is able to do (может, в состоянии) was – мог, will be – сможет

2. Не is (was, will be) allowed ему разрешают (-шили, -шат) 3. Не has to go (надо), had- пришлось, shall have to -придется 4. I have to go – должен, вынужден, I am to go – должен, предстоит (договорились, или такое расписание) 5.Не can't do it – он не может делать этого, He need not do it – он может не делать этого, need not have done – мог и не делать (а сделал)

6.Предположение – must- должно быть,

may – может быть,

might – может быть (но маловероятно),

can’t- не может быть.

7. He had to go – ему пришлось (must have gone – он, должно быть, ушел)

8. Can she have spent all the money? – неужели она истратила…

9. You needn’t have done ( могли и не делать, это было не обязательно),

shouldn’t have done - не следовало делать (плохо, что вы это сделали),

should have done it - следовало делать (а вы не сделали) ;

I had to do it – пришлось сделать (сделал)

10. I needn’t have done it – можно было не делать (а я сделал),

I didn’t have to do it - можно было не делать ( я и не делал)