Ought to

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Moral duty, moral obligation weakened to the sense of advice, desirability.	ought to oughtn’t to; Ought I to …?	(не)нужно; (не)следует; (не)следовало	The Indefinite Infinitive The Continuous Infinitive The Perfect Infinitive indicates that a desirable action was not carried out (an undesirable action was carried out).	+ _ ?	I advise you to do … I advise you not to do … I recommend you to do … I urge you to do … It’s advisable for you to do … I would advise you to do …	You ought to look after the baby better. You ought to be getting ready for your report. You ought to have changed for the bus. That street is far from here. He oughtn’t to have left London without visiting Hyde Park.
2. Disapproval, reproach for failing to do what was one’s duty or moral obligation.	ought to oughtn’t to	(не)следует, (не)следовало бы, (не)нужно, (не)нужно бы	The Continuous Infinitive refers the action to the present. The Perfect Infinitive indicates that the action was not carried out	affirmative negative		You ought to be speaking more clearly. You ought to have helped him. You oughtn’t to have laughed at his mistakes.
3. Supposition implying probability.	ought to oughtn’t to	должно быть, очевидно, вероятно, стоит	The Indefinite Infinitive refers the action to the present or future. The Perfect Infinitive refers the action to the past.	affirmative negative	very likely he … it’s likely he … most likely he … very probable he I think it’s probable that … I expect he … probably not … It’s likely that I don’t think he	You ought to be hungry now. Apples ought to grow well here. You ought to hear the way he plays the piano! The cake is very tasty; it ought to have been baked by Mum.

There is hardly any difference between ought to and should. Very often they are interchangeable.

• Do you think I ought to apply for this job? (=Do you think I should apply?)

• Jack ought not to go to bed so late. (= Jack shouldn't go...)

Must, should and ought to compared

All the three verbs serve to express obligation. Must, however, sounds more forceful, peremptory.

e.g. You must do it at once. (Вы должны (обязаны) сделать это немедленно.)

Both should and ought to express obligation, advisability, de­sirability and are used when must would sound too peremptory. (безапелляционно, властно)

е.g. You should do it at once. You ought to do it at once. (Вам следует (нужно) сделать это немедленно.)

Should and ought to are very much alike in meaning and are often interchangeable. In using ought to, however, we lay more stress on the meaning of moral obligation, whereas should is com­mon in instructions and corrections.

e.g. You ought to help him; he is in trouble. You should use the definite article in this sentence.

Notice that ought to cannot be used instead of the emotional should.

Must, ought to and should serve to express supposition implying strong probability. Must, however, seems to be in more frequent use than the other two verbs.

should + Perfect Infinitive, ought to + Perfect Infinitive and was/were to + Perfect Infinitive compared

Should + Perfect infinitive and ought to + Perfect infin­itive show that the action has not been carried out though it was desirable;

was/were to + Perfect infinitive indicates an action that has not been carried out though it was planned.

e.g. You should have helped him. You ought to have warned him. (Now he is in trouble)

He was to have arrived last week. (But his plans were upset by some cause or other.)

shouldn't + Perfect Infinitive, oughtn't to + Perfect Infinitive and needn't + Perfect Infinitive сompared

Shouldn't + Perfect infinitive and oughtn't to + Perfect infinitive show that an action has been carried out though it was undesirable;

needn't + Perfect infinitive indicates that an action has been carried out though it was unnecessary.

e.g. You shouldn't have come (because you are ill).

You oughtn't to have written to them (because your letter up­set them).

You needn't have come (because the work is finished).

You needn't have written to them (because I sent them a telegram).

Exercise 1. Translate into Russian and comment on the meaning of the verb ought.

1. You are a big boy and you ought to look after your little brother when your mother is out. 2. I think you ought to write the answer at once. 3. They ought to have done all the exercises to this lesson already. 4. You ought to have finished all the arrangements for your trip. 5. They ought not to have told her about it. 6. Mary ought not to have packed her son’s toys. He ought to do it himself, 7. You ought to have known that he usually leaves for his office at 7.45. 8. It is already 10 o’clock, you ought to go to bed. 9. They ought to have come long ago. I don’t know what has happened to them. 10. You can’t change anything; so you ought to put up with it. 11. He felt that he ought to do something about it without any delay.

Exercise 2. Make up sentences and translate them into Russian.

Children	ought	to have returned	about it.
Students	ought not	to speak	to your friends.
We		to know	in time.
He		to retell	this story.
You		to come	the window.
		to open	him with the luggage.
		to read	you at the station.
		to meet	the books to the library.
		to have helped	many books.

Exercise 3. Use the appropriate form of the Infinitive in brackets.

1. It is 6 o’clock. They ought (to leave)……………………………………………. already. 2. You are a big girl and you ought (to tidy up)………………………………………………….. your room yourself. 3. It was he who ought (to arrange) ………………………………………………their trip. But he failed to do it. 4. They ought (to warn)……………………………………………….. their mother that they would return home late. 5. The pupils ought (to keep) ………………………………………………..their classroom clean. 6. You ought (to apologize) ……………………………………………….for having been so rude to her. She is offended. 7. You may be sure that he will do what he ought (to do)………………………………………….. 8. Why should I do what I ought (not to do). ………………………………………………9. You ought (to show)…………………………………………… respect for old people. 10. She ought (to write)…………………………………………….. to her parents as soon as she arrived in Minsk. 11. You ought (to write)…………………………………………………….. to your mother at least once a week so that she should not worry.

SHALL

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Sentence patterns	Ways of rendering in Russian
1. Promise, oath (клятва), strong intention (with the 2nd or 3rd person with a weak stress).	shall shall not (shan’t)	The Indefinite Infinitive	+ – ?	It shall be done as you wish. She shall get her money. I want this prize and I `shall get it.	Будет так, как ты захочешь. Да получит она свои деньги.
2. Threat or warning, compulsion (принуждение) or strict order (with the 2nd or 3rd person with a weak stress).	shall shall not (shan’t)	The Indefinite Infinitive	+ – ?	That day shall come. He shall pay for it, he shall. He shan’t prevent us from working at the problem.	Придёт этот день. Он за это заплатит, обязательно заплатит. Он ни за что не помешает нам работать над этот проблемой.
3. A suggestion or offer. (mainly with the 1st person sg. and pl.)	shall	The Indefinite Infinitive	?	Shall we go? Shall I bring you a chair?	Нам идти? Принести вам стул?
4. Obligation (formal or archaic style).	shall shall not (shan’t)	The Indefinite Infinitive	+ –	The Society’s nominating committee shall nominate the person for the office of president.	...должны выставить кандидата...

Exercise 1. Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the meanings of the verb shall.

1. That’s against the law! I shall complain to the council. 2. Well, what shall we do next? 3. Shall I tell you the real reason, sir? 4. Let’s go there, shall we? 5. It is a clever piece of work — and useful — as you shall see. 6. “You shall retain your human forms in the Impossible World,” said Old Nancy to the spies. “You shall become a hassock. You shall never, never return.” 7. — Seek and you shall find. — All right, I shall try. 8. — As a man lives so shall he die. — Yes, as you sow, so shall you reap. 9. Come live with me and you shall know me. 10. Even as the father was so shall the son be. 11. He is your enemy and you shall meet him everywhere. 12. He that has no money, shall need no purse. 13. He that commands well, shall be obeyed well. 14. Fragile articles, money, jewellery, business documents shall not be accepted as checked baggage. 15. Blessed be he who expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed.

Exercise 2. Make up sentences and translate them into Russian.

He	shall	be kept	in exactly the same state.
She		not touch	the flowers.
You		help	me.
They		do	her friend.
The room		answer	it whether he wants it or not.

Exercise 3. Make up sentences and translate them into Russian.

Shall	I	take	there?
	you	give	you at the hotel?
	he	close	you some coffee?
	she	wait for	it for granted?
	we	shut	during this term?
	they	go	the window?
	this question	be settled	immediately?
	the door	be shut	the door?
	these books	be re-read	within five days?

Exercise 4. Translate into English using the modal verb shall.

1. Закрыть окно? Я боюсь, что вы простудитесь.

………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

2. Вы получите ваш заказ завтра.

………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

3. Напишите эти упражнения немедленно!

………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

4. Скажите ей, что она получит билеты завтра.

………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

5. Ждать ему вас внизу?

………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

6. Зажечь свет? В комнате становится темно.

………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

7. Помочь вам укладывать вещи? Я вижу, что вы торопитесь.

………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

8. Ты себя очень плохо ведешь! Ты будешь наказан.

………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

9. Как вы советуете, поехать мне туда?

………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

10. Не ешь больше мороженого. Ты заболеешь!

………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

11. Мне подождать?

………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

12. Она пожалеет об этом.

………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………