Need in patterns

№		Pattern	Example
1.	Absence of Necessity	Smb.| need not | do |does not have to | smth. не нужно	I needn't phone her. We don't have to buy this book.
2.	Absence of necessity for a performed action	smb. needn't have done smth. Можно было и не делать.	You needn't have brought the textbooks to the lesson.
3.	Permission not to do	You needn't do smth. Можно не делать.	You needn't wait for her, she’ll be late.

Expressing necessity

Time of the action	Necessity	Absence of necessity	Expected or planned action.
The present	I must leave you now. Here comes my bus. I have to leave you now. Here comes my bus.	I needn't leave now. There's plenty of time. I don't have to leave now. There's plenty of time.	I am to leave on the 5 th of May. Everything is settled.

Time of the action	Necessity	Absence of necessity	Expected or planned action.
The past	I had to leave her because my bus came.	I did not have to leave because there was plenty of time. I needn't have left.	Everything was settled and I was to leave on the fifth of May.
The future	I'll have to leave her to catch my bus.	I won't have to leave. It's only ten to five.	--------------------------

*Translate into English using need.

1. У нас много времени в запасе, и нам незачем спешить.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Тебе незачем делать это сейчас. Ты можешь это сделать и завтра.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……

3. Она может и не помогать. Все уже сделано.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Ему незачем было продавать свое пианино.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Вы могли и не кричать так на ребенка.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Они теперь не могут спать. Им незачем было смотреть фильм ужасов.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Мне нуж­но тебе помогать? — Нет, спасибо, я все сделаю сам.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

8. Вы можете не ходить туда………………………………………………………………………………………..

9. Ему незачем беспокоиться о ней. ……………………………………………………………………………….

10. Я могу и не спрашивать его: он сам мне все расскажет.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

11. Вам не обяза­тельно звонить мне: я не забуду о своем обещании.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

12. Надо ли ей покупать такую массу продуктов?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

13. Она может не ходить в библиотеку: я дам ей книгу.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

14. Вы могли и не брать зонт: я уверен, что дождя не будет.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

**Insert may, must or need.

1 ……….. I take this book for a little while? — I am sorry, but I ……………. return it to the library at once.

Alec ……………….. practise this sound specially, but the oth­er pupils ………………….. not: they all pronounce it properly. 3. They ……………….. come at any time they like between ten and twelve in the morning, but they ....................... not come if they don't want to. 4. …………………. I go there right now? — Yes, you ………………….. . 5. ……………………... we hand in our compositions to­morrow? — No, you …………………. not, you ………………. hand them in after Sunday. 6. ……………………. John really do this today? — No, he ………………. not, he …………. do it tomorrow if he likes. 7. You ……………….... not let this cup fall: it ………………………. break. 8. ……………..... I help you with your coat on? 9. You ………………………... park your car only in your own space in the back of the building. 10. You ………………………. have cancelled your trip to Canada. But you have always wanted to visit the largest French city Mon­treal and see your friend Nina.

***Insert can, may, must or need.

1. Peter ………………. return the book to the library. We all want to read it. 2. Why …………………. not you understand it? It is so easy. 3. …………………….. we do the exercise at once? — Yes, you ……………….. do it at once. 4. …………………. you pronounce this sound? 5. You …………………. not have bought this meat: we have eve­rything for dinner. 6. I ............................................. not go out today: it is too cold. 7……………………… ... I take your pen? — Yes, please. 8. We ……………………... not carry the bookcase upstairs: it is too heavy. 9. We …………………... not carry the bookcase upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it. 10. When …………………... you come to see us? — I ......................................... come only on Sunday. 11. Shall I write a letter to him? — No, you ……………………... not, it is not necessary. 12. ……………………... you cut something with­out a knife? 13. Everything is clear and you ……………………... not go into details now. 14. He ......................................... not drink alcohol when he drives. 15. Don't worry! I …………………….... change a light bulb. 16. By the end of the week I ……………………….. have finished writ­ing my book. 17. She ................................................ not call the doctor again unless she feels worse.

Key. *1. We have got plenty of time to spare, and we needn't hurry. 2. You needn't do it now. You can do it tomorrow. 3. She needn't help. Everything has been already done. 4. He needn't have sold his piano. 5. You needn't have shouted at the child like that. 6. Now they can't sleep. They needn't have watched this horror film. 7. Need I help you? — No, thank you, I shall do everything myself. 8. You need not go there. 9. He need not worry about her. 10. I need not ask him: he will tell me everything himself. 11. You need not ring me up: I won't forget about my promise. 12. Need she buy such a lot of foodstuffs? 13. She need not go to the library: I shall give her the book. 14. You need not have taken the umbrella: I am sure it won't rain.

**1. may, must. 2. must, need. 3. may, need. 4. may (must), may (must). 5. must, need, may. 6. must, need, may. 7. must, may. 8. may. 9. must. 10. must.

***1. must. 2. can. 3. must, must. 4. can. 5. need. 6. can. 7. may. 8. can. 9. need. 10. can, can. 11. need. 12. can. 13. need. 14. must. 15. can. 16. may. 17. need.

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences.

1. You needn’t sell this computer. It works very well. 2. You needn’t have sold your computer. 3. You needn’t waste your time while you are taking this course. 4. You needn’t remind me about it. 5. I didn’t need to work overtime yesterday. 6. The weather was fine and I didn’t need to take my umbrella. 7. The weather was fine and you needn’t have taken your umbrella. 8. You needn’t have worried about it. 9. You needn’t have bought these biscuits, I’ve baked a nice cake. 10. You needn’t go there if you don’t want to

Exercise 2. Use the appropriate form of words in brackets and didn’t need to or needn’t have.

1. a) Anna was about to ask Paul for some money when she realized she had enough in her …………………………………………… … . (ask) b) Anna borrowed some money from Paul. Later she realized that she had had enough in her purse anyway. She ………………………………………………………… after all. (borrow)

2. a) I told him the whole story. He wasn’t the least bit interested. I ………………………………………………. . (bother to tell) b) I started to tell him the story, but he stopped me because he had already heard it. I ……………………………………………… . (tell)

3. a) She mislaid the manuscript, which meant that she had to type it all out again. Later she found the original manuscript in a drawer. She ………………………………………………………… . (retype) b) She mislaid the manuscript but fortunately someone found it again before she had actually started to retype it. Fortunately, she …………………………………………………… . (retype)

4. Joe’s wife asked him to do the washing-up while she was out. He not only did the washing-up, but the rest of the housework as well. When she returned, she said: “You …………………………………………………………… . (do all the housework)”

5. I decided to take my car to France. I asked the AA if I should get an international driving licence. They said it wasn’t necessary. I …………………………………………………………………… an international licence for France. (get)

6. I also took out an insurance which cost me 75.00. pounds. A friend of mine got an identical insurance for only 25.00. pounds. I ……………………………………………………. . (pay so much)

Exercise 3. Use didn’t need to or needn’t have and the correct form of the verb to complete these sentences.

1. I ……………………………………………… (catch) the bus this morning, because Nick gave me a lift. 2. I ………………………………………………. (lend) him that money. I found out later that he had already borrowed all the money he wanted. 3. I …………………………………………..… (do) that homework – the teacher didn’t even look at it. 4. I ……………………………………….… (take) a tent, because I knew I could hire one at the campsite. 5. You ………………………………………………… (buy) such an expensive present, but I’m very glad that you did. 6. I …………………………………………………..… (take) any money: they had already told me that it wasn’t necessary. 7. I ………………………………………………..… (count) the money: they had already told me that it was done automatically. 8. I ………………………………………………… (work) so hard for my exams: they were much easier than I expected them to be. 9. I ……………………………………………..… (get up) so early: I had forgotten it was Saturday. 10. I had some friends in the town, so I …………………………………………………. (stay) in a hotel.

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences with mustn’t, needn’t, don’t (doesn’t) have (to).

1. You ……………………………... pay. It’s free. 2. You ………………………….... forget to call me. 3. You .............................................. shout. I’m not deaf. 4. You ……………………………….... hurry. There’s plenty of time. 5. You …………………………... drop it. It’s very fragile. 6. You …………………………………. accept a lift from a stranger. 7. Service is included. You …………………………………... leave a tip. 8. You …………………………..... stroke the dog because it bites. 9. Tomorrow’s Sunday so she ………………………………….... get up early. 10. The old man retired so he ……………………………….. work anymore. 11. You …………………………... read in the dark. You’ll strain your eyes. 12. You ……………………………... worry. All is going to be fine. 13. When you’re driving you ………………………………….. take your eyes off the road. 14. You …………………………….. cheat or you’ll be disqualified.

SHOULD

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of senten-ces	Ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Moral duty, moral obligation which may not be fulfilled.	should; shouldn’t; Should I …?	(не)нужно; (не)следует; (не)следовало	The Indefinite Infinitive The Continuous Infinitive The Perfect Infinitive indicates that a desirable action was not carried out (an undesirable action was carried out).	+ _ ?	I advise you to do … I advise you not to do … I recommend you to do … I urge you to do It’s advisable for you to do … I would advise you to do … It’s a good idea	Private firearms should be banned. You should be getting ready for your report. You should have changed for the bus. That street is far from here. He shouldn’t have left London without visiting Hyde Park.
2. Disapproval, reproach for failing to do what was one’s duty or moral obligation.	should shouldn’t	(не)следует, (не)следовало бы, (не)нужно, (не)нужно бы	The Continuous Infinitive refers the action to the present. The Perfect Infinitive indicates that the action was not carried out	+ _		You should be speaking more clearly. You should have helped him. You shouldn’t have laughed at his mistakes.
3. Supposition implying probability.	should shouldn’t	должно быть, очевидно, вероятно, стоит	The Indefinite Infinitive refers the action to the present or future. The Perfect Infinitive refers the action to the past.	+ _	very likely he … It’s likely he … most likely he very probable he I think it’s probable that … I expect he … probably not … It’s likely that I don’t think he	You should be hungry now. You should hear the way he plays the piano! The cake is very tasty; it should have been baked by Mum.
4. Instructions, corrections.	should; shouldn’t; Should I …?	нужно, следует	The Indefinite Infinitive	+ _ ?		You should take the medicine three times a day before meals. The verb ‘to depend’ should be used with the preposition ‘on’.
5. Emotional colouring.	Should I …?	С какой стати, откуда	The Indefinite Infinitive	? (special questions)		Why should I? Why should you help him? How should I know?
Note 1: We use should have or ought to have and a past participle to say that there was a mild obligation to do smth in the past, but that it wasn’t done. They should/ought to have taken a taxi. Note 2: We use should not have or ought not to have and a past participle to say that it was important not to do smth in the past, but it was done. You shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have given him the money.

Should may have a peculiar function — it may be used for emotional colouring. In this function it may be called the emotional should. The use of the emotional should is structurally dependent. It is found in the following cases: 1) In special emphatic constructions:

a) in rhetorical questions beginning with why,

e.g. Why should I do it? (С какой стати я буду делать это?)

Why shouldn't you invite him? (Почему бы вам его не при­гласить?)

b) in object clauses beginning with why,

e.g. I don't know why he should want to see George. (Я не знаю, зачем ему нужен Джордж.)

c) in attributive clauses beginning with why after the noun reason,

e.g. There is no reason why they shouldn't get on very well to­gether. (Нет причины, почему бы им не ладить друг с другом.) I don't see any reason why he shouldn't be happy.

d) in constructions of the following kind,

e.g. The door opened and who should come in but Tom. (Дверь открылась, и кто бы вы думали вошел? Не кто иной, как Том.) As I was crossing the street, whom should I meet but Aunt Ann.

e) in the set phrase How should I know? (Почем я знаю?).

2) In certain types of subordinate clauses

a) in object clauses after expressions of regret, surprise, sometimes pleasure or displeasure,

e.g. I’m sorry that you should think so badly of me. (Мне жаль, что вы так плохо обо мне думаете.)

b) in object clauses following the principal clause with it as a formal subject,

e.g. It is absurd that such things should happen to a family like theirs. (Нелепо, чтобы такие вещи случались в такой се­мье, как их.)

c) in constructions of the following kind,

e.g. That it should come to this! (И до чего дошло дело!)

To think that it should come to this! (Только подумать, до чего дошло дело!)

То think that it should have happened to me! (Только поду­мать, что это произошло со мной!)

Exercise 1. Match the English examples with their Russian equivalents.

1. You should write him a letter.	1. Тебе не следует писать ему об этом.
2. You shouldn’t write him about it.	2. Нет никаких оснований, почему бы вам не написать ему об этом.
3. Should I write him a letter?	3. Тебе следовало написать ему письмо.
4. You ought to write him about it.	4. Ты бы написал ему письмо.
5. You ought not to write him about it.	5. С какой стати я должен писать ему об этом?
6. You should have written him about it.	6. Не написать ли мне ему письмо?
7. You shouldn’t have written him about it.	7. Тебе не надо было писать ему об этом.
8. You ought to have written him a letter.	8. Не вижу причины, почему бы тебе было не написать ему об этом.
9. You ought not to have written him about it.	9. Тебе надо было написать ему об этом.
10. Do you think I should write him about it?	10. Тебе следует написать ему об этом.
11. Why should I write him about it?	11. Зачем тебе было писать ему об этом?
12. I see no reason why you shouldn’t have written him about it.	12. Ты бы не писал ему об этом.
13. Why should you have written him about it?	13. Как ты думаешь? Мне нужно писать ему об этом?
14. There’s no reason why you shouldn’t write him about it.	14. Тебе не следовало писать ему об этом.

* Translate into English using should + Indefinite Infinitive or Per­fect Infinitive).

1. Дети должны быть более внимательны к сво­им родителям.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Ему следует обратиться к вра­чу

. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Ему следовало давно обратиться к врачу

. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Вы не должны давать ребенку столько конфет.

………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………

5. Ему следует прочитать эту книгу. …………………………………………………………………………….

6. Ему следо­вало уже прочитать эту книгу. ……………………………………………………………….

7. Вам следует пой­ти туда и поговорить с ними.

…………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………

8. Вам следовало схо­дить туда (раньше) и поговорить с ними.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Он не должен был так грубо разговаривать.

…………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………

10. Он не должен был забывать о моей просьбе.

………………………….………………………………………………………………………………….…..

**Insert should or had to + the proper form of the infinitive..

1. I ………………….... (to take) a taxi, otherwise I should have missed the train. 2. You walked all the way here car­rying this heavy suitcase. You ……………………………. (to take) a taxi. 3. They won't be able to buy anything but lemonade on the train. You ………………………………….. (to give) them some sandwiches at least. 4. Mother was coming to dinner, so I ……………………………….. (to bake) her favourite cake. 5. You knew I was bring­ing people to dinner. You ……………………………….. (to bake) a cake. 6. He was out when we came, and we ……………………. (to wait) for over an hour. 7. It was raining hard. We ………………………………….. (to wear) our raincoats. 8. She is quite an authority. You …………………………..... (to ask) her. 9. I could not stand that noise any longer. I …………………………... (to go) out and (to tell) them to stop. 10. How can you work in this noise? You …………..... (to tell) the chil­dren to stop.

***Insert should or had to + the proper form of the infinitive.

1. Mike isn't here. He ……………………………... (to leave) early. 2. The car broke down and they …………………………. (to get) a taxi. 3. You ………………………….... (to disconnect) the computer yesterday. There's something wrong with it. You can't send e-mail now. 4. There was nothing in the fridge and she ………………... (to go) shopping last Friday. 5. I …………………………... (to write) this com­position yesterday, but I was too busy as I …………………………... (to translate) a very long text from English. 6. I ……………………………….. not (to take) my little brother to the evening perform­ance, he was so excited; but I really ......................................................... (to do) so, for there was nobody at home to leave him with. 7. You ………………………….... (to see) our team play! You have missed a lot. You ……………………………... (to go) to the stadium. 8. It was a very important meeting and we …………………………..... (to attend) it. That's why we returned home late. 9. He ……………………………………… (to attend) the lesson: the material which the teacher explained was very difficult, and now it will be impossible for him to write the test paper well. 10. Although he felt unwell, he ………………………………..... (to attend) the lesson, because the teacher explained some very difficult material.

****Insert should, need or to have to+ the proper form of the infinitive.

1. You .......................................... not (to go) out in this rain; as it is you have a cold in your head. 2. It was Sunday, and we …………………………. not (to go) to school. 3. Everything is all right. You see that you ……………………... not (to worry). 4. You are out of breath. You ………………………... not (to run): you know how bad it is for you. 5. You ......................................... not (to tell) her about it. Now she is sure not to sleep the whole night worrying. 6. You …………………………. not (to go) with her: she knows the way perfectly well. 7. You …………………………... not (to put) so much pep­per in the meat. No one will be able to eat it. 8. You ... ……………………………….not (to give) them any lunch. They can get coffee and sandwiches on the train. 9. We don't accept cred­it cards. — Well, I just ……………………….... (to pay) cash, I guess. Oh, I don't have enough cash. I …………………………….. (to give) you a checque. 10. If you see anything unusual you ……………………………... (to call) the police. 11. There ……………………….. not (to be) any dif­ficulty about getting her a visa. 12. You …………………………………. not (to tell) him the news; he knew it already. 13. Accord­ing to the label, the orange marmalade ………………………….... (to refrig­erate) after opening. 14. I'm not particularly busy. I've got a few things to do but I .................................................. not (to do) them now. 15. You …………………………………………... not (to be) so impatient with him.

Key. *1. Children should be more attentive to their par­ents. 2. He should consult the doctor. 3. He should have consulted the doctor long ago. 4. You should not give the child so many sweets. 5. He should read this book. 6. He should have read this book. 7. You should go there and speak to them. 8. You should have gone there and spoken to them. 9. He should not have spo­ken so rudely. 10. He should not have forgotten about my request.

** 1. had to take. 2. should have taken. 3. should have given. 4. had to bake. 5. should have baked. 6. had to wait. 7. had to wear. 8. should ask. 9. had to go out and tell. 10. should tell.

***1. had to leave. 2. had to get. 3. should have dis­connected. 4. had to go. 5. should have written, had to translate. 6. should not have taken, had to do. 7. should have seen, should have gone. 8. had to at­tend. 9. should have attended. 10. had to attend.

****1. should not have gone. 2. did not have to go. 3. need not have worried. 4. should not run. 5. should not have told. 6. need not go. 7. should not put 8. need not give. 9. I'll just have to pay, I'll have to give. 10. should call. 11. shouldn't be. 12. needn't have told. 13. should be refrigerated. 14. don't have to do. 15. shouldn't be.