Vocabulary
1 to float – плыть
2 buoyancy – плавучесть; способность держаться на поверхности воды
3 hull – основной корпус
4 maintenance – содержание и техническое обслуживание
5 affectation – претенциозность, манерность
6 diverse – иной, отличный от чего-л.
7 recreation – отдых, развлечение
8 vessel – корабль, судно
9 non-perishable – непортящийся
10 amenities – прелести, красоты
Text work:
1. Find English equivalents in the text above:
1 плыть по воде / под водой
2 главная часть конструкции
3 иное судно
4 в коммерческих целях
5 в развлекательных или военных целях
6 использовать ветер для движения вперед
7 гребное колесо
8 незначительно очищенный тип топлива
9 увеселительное путешествие
10 быстро развивающиеся области
2. Find antonyms to the following words:
1 to stop
2 minor
3 similar, the same
4 seldom
5 greatly
6 fast
7 ineffective
8 cheap
9 decline
10 form time to time
3. Read the description of different kinds of ships and try to match them with their names given below:
1. They are cargo ships for the transport of fluids, such as crude oil, petroleum products, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas and chemicals, also vegetable oils, wine and other food – this sector comprises one third of the world tonnage.
2. They are passenger ships used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are considered an essential part of the experience.
3. It is a boat used to maneuver, primarily by towing or pushing other vessels in harbours, over the open sea or through rivers and canals. They are also used to tow barges, disabled ships, or other equipment like towboats.
4. It is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. Most of them are not self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats towing or towboats pushing them.
5. They are cargo ships designed to carry wheeled cargo such as automobiles, trailers or railway carriages. Such vessels have built-in ramps which allow the cargo to be efficiently "rolled on" and "rolled off" the vessel when in port.
6. Also known as coasters, they are shallow-hulled ships used for trade between locations on the same island or continent. Their shallow hulls mean that they can get through reefs where sea-going ships usually cannot
a) Roll-on / roll-off ships
b) Barge
c) Tugboat
d) Cruise ships
e) Tanker
f) Coastal trading vessels
4. Look through the description and names of the ships once again and try to match them with the photos given below:
Picture 1. Picture 2.
Picture 3. Picture 4.
Picture 5. Picture 6.
Text 5. Bus
Scan the text and make up a scheme of bus transport development. Discuss the main points with your partner.
A bus is a large road vehicle designed to carry numerous passengers in addition to the driver and sometimes a conductor. The name is a neologic version of the Latin omnibus, which means "for all. The full name for a bus is an 'Omnibus Vehicle' - meaning a 'vehicle for all'."
In New York, omnibus service began in 1829, when Abraham Brower, an entrepreneur who had organized volunteer fire companies, established a route along Broadway starting at Bowling Green. Other American cities soon followed suit: Philadelphia in 1831, Boston in 1835 and Baltimore in 1844. In most cases, the city governments granted a private company—generally a small stableman already in the livery or freight-hauling business—an exclusive franchise to operate public coaches along a specified route. In return, the company agreed to maintain certain minimum levels of service. In 1831, New Yorker Washington Irving remarked of Britain's Reform Act (finally passed in 1832): "The great reform omnibus moves but slowly."
Nowadays, bus services can fit into several classes. Local transit buses provide public transit within a city or one or more counties, usually for trips of only a few kilometers. Intercity, interstate or interprovincial buses provide transit between cities, towns, rural areas and places usually tens or hundreds of kilometers away. They generally provide fewer bus stops than local bus routes do. Trailways Transportation System is an example of US interstate bus systems. Some local transit systems offer bus lines to nearby cities or towns served by another transit agency. Intercity bus services have become an important travel connection to smaller towns and rural areas that do not have airports or train service.
Some public transit bus systems offer express bus service in addition to local bus lines. Local lines provide frequent stops along a route, sometimes two or more per kilometer, while express lines make fewer stops and more speed along that route. For example, an express bus line may provide speedier service between a local airport and the downtown area of a nearby city.
Shuttle bus services provide transit service between two destinations, such as an airport and city center. Shuttle bus services are often provided by colleges, airports, shopping areas, companies, and amusement destinations.
Tour bus service shows tourists notable sights by bus. City tour buses often simply pass by the sites while a tour guide describes them. Longer distance tour coaches generally allow passengers to disembark at points of interest. Some tourist buses are decorated to resemble pre-PCC streetcars in order to attract tourists or for other appearance purposes. A similar phenomenon is Duck Tours, which uses amphibious DUKWs converted into buses/cruise boats for tours.
School bus service provides transit to and from school for students. Some private schools use school buses only for field trips or sports events. Some school systems, such as the San Francisco public school system, do not operate their own school bus system but instead rely on the local public transit bus system to provide transportation.
Charter bus operators provide buses with properly licensed bus drivers for hire.