Ex. 6. Read and translate the text: Text 2a Ports and Harbours

Practically all cities on water, inland or on the coasts, have harbours. The larger cities on the coasts and many of the smaller ones are impor­tant port cities. St. Petersburg and Odessa, London and Bristol, New York and Boston — all these cities have famous ports. Sometimes natu­rally favourable conditions to build a port were in fact the reason for their location.

Harbours for proper trade receive freighters, cargo and combined ferries. Harbours for ferries in passenger traffic should also be mentioned: a large number of passengers in international and domestic traffic are transferred over regular harbours. Moreover, there are industrial harbours or loading sites with turnover of approximately 100 000 tons per year.

Harbours regularly have appointed sites for anchoring. Some anchor­ing sites are of great importance in security anchoring, while waiting for a quay berth or for sea-borne loading and unloading.

Trade shipping may be a part of the contingency planning of the total defence. Contingency fairways and emergency loading sites are prepared and are to be considered in the planning.

Finally, one needs to mention harbours and vessels belonging to the navy. However, the activities in these navy ports, especially those of the former Soviet republics on the Baltic Sea, decreased considerably during the 1990 s.

Canals are also part of the shipping infrastructure. The interests re­garding canals for trade shipping is not limited to the canal itself. Surrounding banks, constructions and machinery associated with locks, se­curity devices, possible meeting places etc. are also important.

It also must be remembered that in the coastal range, there are build­ings, fishing villages, lighthouses, pilot sites, ancient remains, etc. that directly fall under the legislation of the cultural environment. Ancient underwater remains include shipwrecks and other marine remains. A wreck that has been on the sea bottom less than 100 years is normally still considered to have an owner and is not included in the legislation for ancient monuments and findings.

All this should be considered while reconstructing or modernizing a port, which can represent a historical and cultural value.

Ex.7. Answer the questions:

1. What is one of the main reasons for port location? 2. What types of harbours can you mention? 3. Why must the sites for anchoring be regu­larly appointed? 4. Can you explain why the activities in the navy ports on the Baltic Sea decreased considerably during the 1990s? 5. What can be included into the interests regarding canals for trade shipping?

10. What objects fall under the legislation of the cultural environment?

11. Why is there the necessity of such legislation? 8. How long is a wreck normally considered to have an owner?

Ex. 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

Give grounds to your answer:

1. Only the coastal cities have the harbours. 2. Naturally favourable conditions to build a port are often the main reason for their location. 3. There are different types of harbours. 4. A ship can choose any site for her anchoring in the harbour. 5. Every aspect of shipping must be con­sidered in the port planning. 6. Navy ports constitute the main part in the total number of world ports. 7. Canal infrastructure is not limited by the canal itself. 8. Different coastal structures fall under the legislation of the cultural environment. 9. All underwater remains and wrecks are included in the legislation for ancient monuments and findings. 10. While modern­izing a port, we must consider its historical and cultural value.