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Table 7. Estimated shell length, total meat, total fat dampness and total N levels in Kepez Station.

Low values of 60Co and 137Cs, BF5 do not allow to classify A. brasiliana as a good biological indicator for pollution by their radionuclides.

Chen-Shunhua [3] made research on accumulation, distribution and excretion of low level 65Zn and 134Cs in some marine mollusks. It was indicative that there was no significant difference between the absorption rate of Gastropoda and Bivalve for 137Cs, being much lower than the one of 65Zn.

4. References

1- Alpaslan, M., Kumru, M.N., Yaramaz, Ö., Sunlu, U., 1995, Researches made during tourism season around Urla related to microbiological and physico-chemical Fresenius Envi. Bull, 4:545-549 Basel (Switzerland)

2- Weidman, C. and Jones, G., 1993. Development of The Mollusc Arctica Islantica As a Paleoceonographic Tool for Reconstruction Annual and Seasonal Records of delta 14C and delta 18O in the mid-to-high, latitude North Atlantic Ocean. Isotope Techniques in the Study of Past and Current Environmental Change in the Hydrosphere and the Atmosphere. Proc. Of an International Symposium Held in Vienna. 19-23 April, Vienna (Austria). IAEA 623 pp. 461-470

3- Mayr, L.M., 1984. Bioaccumulation and Elimination of 60Co and 137Cs by Anomalocardia Brasiliana (Gmelin, 1791) (Mollusca Bivalvia). Remobilization of 60Co, Retained in Marine Sediment by Microbial Activity. Thesis (M.Sc.) University Federal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. (Brasil), Ins. De Bioficica

4- Chen-Shunhua,Xu Lisheng, Zhao-Xiaokui, Zhong-Chuangguang, Liu-Zhensheng, LiZaofa., 1993. Accumulation, Distribution and Excretion of Low Level of 65Zn and 134Cs in Some Marine Mollusc. Acta-Agriculture-Nucleatae-Sinica. V.7(1). pp.45-51

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5- Campbell, A.C., The flora and fauna of the Mediteeanean sea. Sant Vicene dels Horts, Barcelona. D.L.B. pp.128-129 (1982)

6- Campbell, A.C., The hamlyn guide to the flora sea, Sant Vicene dels Horts, Barcelona. D.L.B. pp.29286p. 128 (1982)

7- Hartmann, L. Techniques modernes de laboratoire et explorations fenetionelles. Teme I L’explansion scientifique Française, pp.83-85 (1983)

8- Türk standartlarý, Meat and meat products determination of moisture, Türk standartlarý Enstitüsü TS 1743/ November pp. 32-33 (1974)

9- Bakac, M. And Kumru, M.N., Radiactivity Measurements In The Çine Steam For Uranium Reconnaissance. Turkish Journal of Nuclear Sciences. Vol. 20 No:1 june 1993, pp.23-32

10Küçüktaþ, E. And Kumru, M.N., 1993. Natural Radioactivity Around The Muðla YATAÐAN Region. Turkish Journal of Nuclear Sciences. Vol. 20 No: 202 December 1993, pp. 13-20

EQUIDOSIMETRIC COMPARISON OF EFFICIENCY OF EFFECTS OF GAMMA-IRRADIATION AND CHEMICAL TOXIC AGENTS (COPPER AND PHENOL) ON THE RED ALGAE OF THE BLACK SEA

N. TERESTCHENKO,

The A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, NASU, Nakchimova prosp.2, Sevastopol, 99011,

UKRAINE

V. VLADIMIROV

The A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, NASU, Nakchimova prosp.2, Sevastopol, 99011,

UKRAINE

1.Introduction

The present environmental situation is characterized bythe presence of many deleterious anthropogenic factors in ecosystems. Often pressure of natural factors is increased to such high levels, that they exert injurious effects and even death of separate individuals, species and degradation of whole ecosystems in different arias. This problem is topical concerning aquatic ecosystems including the Black Sea ecosystems [1-3].

It is important to develop the new approach of ecology – equidosimetry and to use it for decision with regard to environmental problems. The subject of equidosimetry is a comparative evaluation of effect of different chemical toxicants and various ecological deleterious factors, their equivalent effective doses of acting on biological organisms and their systems. Equidosimetry is the base for evaluation of environmental risk for biota and whole ecosystems, for the choice of an environmentally permissible burden on ecosystems which are created through different factors.

2.Problem of a common approach to equidosimetric evaluation of the effect of various deleterious factors

There are a lot of various deleterious factors in nowadays ecosystems; therefore it is necessary to have a complete concept of evaluation of ecological effects using a common dosimetric system. This common basic system can serve as a generic unit of expression of equidosimetric evaluation of ecological factors . This is a highly complex question as the origin of factors and mechanisms of their influence on biota are different and also the responses of biological organisms are compound and diverse . In spite of the high complexity of some investigators [3-9] try to solve this problem by using the effect of ionizing radiation [5-8]. as a standard of comparison It is proposed to use the units of ionizing radiation i.e. equivalent dose as the base for the common unit of equidosimetric evaluation of the damaging effect of various factors i.e. anecological Gy-eq. [5-6]. This approach was used for ecological evaluation of equivalency of the effect of a toxic agent on a whole natural ecosystem as well as on artificial experimental microcosm [5, 8, 9].

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3. Effect acute gamma-irradiation, phenol and copper on the red algae

3.1. OBJECTS OF INVESTIGATION

This article studies of the effect of acute gamma-irradiation and chemical molismants on the Black Sea red algae and makes the comparison of the equivalent effective doses of these factors that cause a similar effect on the algae.

The investigation was made on multicellular red algae. They are not only the natural value of diversity of the marine flora, but they are valuable representing good biological raw material for economic needs. Four species of the Black Sea red algae were investigated: Callithamnion corymbosum (J. E. Smith) Lyngb., Ceramium rubrum (Huds.) J.Ag., Grateloupia dichotome J.Ag., Gracilaria verrucosa (Huds.) Papent..

3.2. THE RANGE OF STUDIED FACTORS

The following factors were studied : pressure of acute gamma-irradiation (137Cs, at a dose rate 0,5 Gy.sec-1) at doses 7, 47, 407, 1207 and 2407 Gy and as

chemical molismants: phenol (for the concentration in water from 1 to 10 000 mkmol .l- 1), copper (Cu+2 in form of sulfate, for the concentration in water from 0,01 to 100 ìkmol.l-1) on the red algae. These experiments were considered as a model of an accident or a planned release of waste from various technologies in the sea environment and as an approach to evaluate the potential or real danger these technologies can present toan ecological permissible state of aquatic ecosystems.

3.3. CYTOFLUORIMETRICAL METHOD OF REGISTRATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE OF RED ALGAE

We used a cytofluorimetrical method for the registration of the physiological state of the red algae in the study on the action of toxic factors on hydrobionts [10]. Under the pressure of different deleterious factors a destruction of algae pigment complex takes place. The quantum issue of the lightcollecting pigment (phycoeritrin) intensively increases as a result of pigment complex destruction. Phycoeritrin luminescence is located in the yellow part of spectrum. Destruction of the algae pigment system leads to the death of the algae cell. Damaged cells have bright-yellow luminescence under with the luminescent microscope. The number of damaged cells in percentageof whole number of cells in area of observation characterizes the degree of damage of whole organism [10]. Measurements of number of damaged algae cells were carried out after 14 days of cultivating algae in experimental water.

3.4. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS AGENT EFFECT ON THE RED ALGAE

The study shows that the efficiency of toxic agents was determined by the specific properties species of the algae as well as by the origin of the factor. The investigated molysmants demonstrated the highest efficiency of damaging effect on Callithamnion. corymbosum, the lowest on Callithamnion. verrucosa. Callithamnion. rubrum takes the second and Callithamnion. dichotome takes the third position concerning to efficiency of the damaging effect of toxic agents (Table1).

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Table 1. Influence the various deleterious agents on cells of four species of red algae

The comparison of intensity of the factors that cause the same effect of damage in hydrobionts allowed to making up lines of equivalent doses for each species. For example for C. corymbosum the action dose of 47 Gy of gamma-irradiation causes the same damage in algae like 100 µmol/l of phenol and like 0.1 µmol.l-1 of copper; 1207 Gy of gamma-irradiation is equivalent to the action of 1000 µmol.l-1 of phenol and 1 µmol.l-1 of copper; in the same time 2407 Gy of gamma-irradiation causes the same effect as 10000 µmol.l-1 of phenol and 10 µmol.l-1 of copper. The results presented in Table 1 allow to put together equidosimetric ranges for all studied red algae species.

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In spite of the species specific character of the effect of the toxic agents it is possible to line up the factors as a whole according to the increase of their damaging effect efficiency on red algae: phenol ο gamma-irradiation ο copper (Cu+2).

If we consider the obtained data only with respect to 100% damaging effects to algae cells it is possible to use the unit, that was proposed early [5,6] i.e. ecological Grey-equivalent, for the comparative equidosimetric evaluation of equivalent effective doses of chemical toxicants . It is expressed for chemical agents as Gy/mkmol /l. In this case for C. corymbosum, we reached the following meaning of ecological Greyequivalent in connection to the studied chemical toxicants:

gamma-irradiation/phenol – 0,24 Gy/µmol /l; gamma-irradiation/copper (Cu+2) – 240 Gy/µmol /l.

Our investigation on red algae shows that the ecological Grey-equivalent for copper is considerably higher than for phenol. Probably it is connected to the origin of the phenols and their specificity of interaction with macroalgae [13, 14].As a result they have a lesser toxic effect on algae than copper or gamma-irradiation.

5.Conclusions

Analysis of data of magnitudes of ecological Grey-equivalent for chemical toxicants and their “dose-effect” dependencies allow to conclude that in case the efficiency of toxic effect of chemical agents is less than efficiency of damaging effect of gamma-irradiation these toxicants lead to an equidosimetric evaluation represented at ecological Grey-equivalent of less than 1 (as in case with phenol). Toxic chemical agents with a toxic effect efficiency higher than the damaging effect of gammairradiation have accordingly an ecological Grey-equivalent higher than 1 (as in the case of copper).

In this article the equidosimetric evaluation of effect nuclear and chemical factors (in ecological Grey-equivalent) on cells of red algae was given. This evaluation allows to make prognosis of the comparative ecological danger of the studied toxic agents for red Black Sea algae.

6.References

1.Polikarpov G.G., Zaitsev Y.P. Horizons and strategy of search in marine biology. Report at Session of Presidium of Academy of Science Ukr.SSR 18 May 1968. Kiev, Naukova dumka, 1969, 31 pp. (in Russian).

2.Polikarpov G.G., Zaitsev Y.P., Zats V.I., Radchenko L.A. Pollution of the Black Sea (Levels and sources). in: Proceedings of the Black Sea Symposium, Ecological Problems and Economical Prospects, 1991, Publ. The Black Sea Foundation for Education, Culture and Protection of Nature, Istanbul, 1994, P. 15-42.

3.Polikarpov G.G. Marine radioecology in Academy of Science of Russian and Ukraine. Biologiya morya V. 25, ¹ 6, 1999. pp 475-479. (in Russian).

4. .Polikarpov G.G. Conceptual model of responses of organisms, populations and ecosystems to all possible dose rates of ionizing radiation in the environment. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, V.75, 1998, pp 181-185.

5.Polikarpov G.G. Effects of nuclear and non-nuclear pollutants on marine ecosystems. Marine Pollution. in: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Monaco, 5-9 October 1998, IAEA-TECDOC- 1094, Vienna, 1999, pp 38-43.

6.Polikarpov G.G. Biological aspect of radioecology: objective and perspective. Comparative Evaluation of Environmental Toxicants. in: Proceedings of the International Workshop on

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Comparative Evaluation of Health Effects of Environmental Toxicants Derived from Advanced Technologies, Chiba, January 28-30, 1998. Tokyo, Kodansha Scientific LTD, 1998, pp 3-15.

7.EgorovV.N., Policarpov G.G., Terestchenko N.N. et al.Investigation and evaluation of pollution< damage and state of ecosystems on the Black Sea shelf. in: Ecological safety of coastal and shelf zone and complex investigation of resources of shelf. Sevastopol, 2001, pp 111-127. (in Russian).

8.Fuma S., Miyamoto K., Takeda H., YanagisawaK. et al., Ecological effects of radiation and other environmental stress on aquatic microcosm. in: International Workshop on Comparative Effects of Health Effects on Environmental Toxicants Derived from Advanced Technologies. National Institute on Radiological Sciences: Abstracts, 1998, pp 21-22.

9.Polikarpov G.G., Tsytsugina V.G. Ñomparision cytogenetic and ecosystemic efficiency of effect radioactive and chemical mutagens in hydrosphere. Dokladi of NAN Ukraine, 1999, ¹ 6, pp 199202. (in Russian).

10.Vladimirov V.B., Terestchenko N.N. Way of evaluation physiological state of red algae. Author's certificate. SU 111190234 A, 07.11.85, 1985, Bull., ¹ 41.

11.Bernhard M., Zattera A. Major pollutants in the marine environment. in: Marine Pollution and Marine Waste Disposal, Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York, 1975, pp 195 - 300.

12.Woodhead D.S. Dosimetry and the assessment of environmental effects of radiation exposure. in: Radioecology after Chernobyl: Biogeochemical Pathways of Artificial Radionuclides, SCOPE 50. Eds Sir F. Warner and R.M. Harrison, 1993, pp 291 – 306.

13.Glushko J. M.Toxic orgenic agents in economic waters. Lenungrad, Chimiya, 1976, pp 214. (in Russian).

14.Stom D.I. Meaning of oxidation and detoxication of phenols with aquatic plants. in: Selfpurification of water and migration of pollution through trophic chain. Ì., Nauka, 1984, pp 91-97. (in Russian).

MACROPHYTES AS BIOINDICATORS OF RADIONUCLIDE CONTAMINATION IN ECOSYSTEMS OF DIFFERENT AQUATIC BODIES IN CHERNOBYL EXCLUSION ZONE

A. KAGLYAN, V. KLENUS, M. KUZ’MENKO, V. BELYAEV, Yu. NABYVANETS, D. GUDKOV.

Department of Radioecology, Institute of Hydrobiology, NASU, Geroiv Stalingradu Ave.12, Kyiv,UA-04210, UKRAINE

Studied water bodies of left-bank flood-lands of Prypyat’ river are located in the 10-km zone of Chornobyl NPP. They are among the most heavily contaminated aquatic objects in the exclusion zone. Higher aquatic plants represent the majority of hydrobionts in those water bodies and are characterized by high productivity and ability to actively absorb radionuclides . Occupying the dominating place among other components of freshwater biocenosis according to their biomass, higher aquatic plants play an essential role in processes of radionuclides distribution in water ecosystems. They serve as a natural “biofilter” that accumulates radionuclides and by that way removes them temporarily from the water ecosystem’s matter turnover. Diversity of aquatic plants species results in a wide range of radonuclides uptake.

Maximal values of radionuclides content in highest aquatic plants were observed for Glyboke Lake. Apparently, those phenomena occurred due to high concentrations of radionuclides in water and bottom deposits. The lake is covered with macrophytes. They grow intensively and occupy almost half of the lake’s water table. About 25% of water plants consist of air-water species and about 75% include water species. A major part of highest water plants grow in the dam area and on the lake’s perimeter with reed mace (Typha angustifolia) and glyceria (Glyceria maxima) as dominants. Quite frequently the sedge (Carex sp.) was also identified on the lake’s perimeter. The main stretch of the lake was covered with yellow pond lily (Nuphar lutea L. Smith) and Stratiotes aloides L. in a ratio of 1:2 [1]. Groups of Stratiotes aloides L. were quite powerful and as a rule with hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) in lower tier. All radionuclides concentrations are given in Bq/kg of air-dry weight.

In 1998 concentrations of 90Sr in plants varied from 7.2 to 58.2 kBq/kg, and 137Cs from 2.3 to 411 kBq/kg. Values of the upper limit of 90Sr content in plants from other water bodies that are located in flood-lands, varied from 21.6 to 43.2 kBq/kg. Concentrations of 137Cs in water plants from water objects were found to be within following limits: Daleke Lake – 2.2 – 96.4 kBq/kg; Krasnyans’ky Branch before the dam and in cold section of Chornobyl NPP cooling pond – 0.68 – 53.8 kBq/kg; warm section of Chornobyl NPP cooling pond and Krasnyans’ky Branch behind the dam – 1.2

– 27.4 kBq/kg. Minimal values of concentrations were observed in aquatic plants from Prypyat’ river (Chornobyl town). Concentrations of 90Sr varied from 0.03 to 2.9 and 137Cs from 0.06 to 1.36 kBq/kg.

In Fig. 1-9 the dynamics of 90Sr and 137Cs content in specific aquatic plant species that were available for systematic sampling for the period of 1989-2000 is presented. Gradual decreasing of 90Sr and 137Cs concentrations in aquatic plants of both sections of Chornobyl NPP cooling pond is clearly seen (fig. 1 and 2).

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Fig. 1. Dynamics of the radionuclides content in Phragmites australis Trin. from warm section of cooling pond.

Fig. 2. Dynamics of the radionuclides content in Ceratophyllum demersum L. from cold section of cooling pond.

The dynamics of the radionuclides content in higher aquatic plants from Glyboke Lake was quite interesting (Fig. 3-5). As one can see, the content of radiocaesium in macrophytes slightly decreased while 90Sr concentrations exhibited tendency of increasing in all collected water plant species. It probably could be explained by radionuclides leaching from “hot particles”; their amount in lake is still extremely high. That process led to strong binding of radiocaesium with bottom deposits and transformation of 90Sr to more mobile soluble forms. At the same time, for other studied water objects a trend of 137Cs and 90Sr decreasing content in higher water plants was identified (Figs. 6-9).