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to induce a necrotic reaction in a system. It is supposed that viral RNA is a universal form of original transport of viral infection into plant cells.

Only some of all these factors induce the development of both heterogenic and homogeneous strains. There is some homology between some fragments of viral genome.

An estimation of artificial factors that have an influence on various strains is very important for comprehension of interesting properties of virus and other biological objects. Tens of phytoviruses are constructed very simply and have proper biochemical and physics properties. Activity of viruses becomes apparent through complex chemical components. It has been discovered that in some cases viruses change their properties not only in vitro, but also in vivo. They lose their infectious properties or show new virulence. Changes may occur at a range of temperatures, radiation treatment and influence of various compounds. There are such diagnostic criteria as temperature inactivation, titre and others. An interaction between a virus and cell components can be disbalanced in plant organisms own to different factors [1].

Many phytoviruses can save their infectious properties for years in various plant fossils, or when lyophilized. Inhibitors of viral infection can stop viral infection and increase yield. Some changes of biochemical processes are observed during their action. Antiviral activity of preparations depends on the condition of the plant, the way of injection and other factors. Single preparations have an original influence on different characteristics of replication of virus during plant ontogenesis. At early stages of infection TMV supposedly can produce some molecules that control the synthesis of new virions. Antiviral activity of some preparations depends on sensitivity of plants and indirect capacity of action on the virus through the plant. There are however losses of infectious properties of viruses in vivo as well.

A direct influence of some substances on a virus can induce a change of buoyant density of virions and their stability in solutions. These and other researches are very important for understanding of molecular reactions, regularities of morphogenetic processes during viral infection.

Changes of properties of virion under the influence of various factors can be discovered on plants. Temperature-stable mutants, forming of different cell inclusions are among them.

The investigation of influence of physical factors on virus and infected plant is also very important. There are not too many such researches due to many problems. It is important not only to know biological properties, but also to use them in the fight against viral infection. Therefore, there was a necessity of carrying out the experiments in vivo and in vitro. There were various methods for of solving this problem. Various organisms and viruses have different sensitivity to radiation treatment. Lacings are created during an action of ultraviolet. Capsomers play the most important role in RNA damage. The capsomers of TMV have a protective function for NA. Such radiation treatment has an activating role for increasing poliovirus sensitivity. Inactivation of TMV RNA can take place by photodynamic effects, which can be used in some experiments.

Some changes of virion properties can occur during Ȑ-irradiation of infected plants. The reaction of potato sensitive to Potato X-Virus can vary in a wide range in biocenosis during permanent Ȑ-irradiation.

Disbalance of an appropriate virus reproduction in infected plants can lead to some changes in enzyme activity. This process becomes irregular, when there was irradiation. This irradiation can induce infraction of virions structure and of the structure of the infected cell. Some doses of irradiation stimulate a growth and

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development of perennial plants chronically infected by viruses. Small doses of irradiation do not lead to great changes in biochemistry and metabolism of infected plants. In this case there is increase of some substances synthesis, which is stabilized for individual species of plants. Increasing of radiation can however affect contaminated plants. It can also lead to ecological breakdown.

Table 1. Reduction of atmospheric nitrogen fixing by legumes infected by viruses

Though we approached to understanding of mechanisms of post-radiation, and further investigations on the cell level are required.

One of the important problems is studying influence of magnetic fields on virus and infected plant. Studying only viruses can answer a range of questions, which are related to magnetobiology. It is proved that among biological molecules, only proteins and nucleic acids demonstrate anisotropy. Magneto-biological effects and primary mechanisms of influence of magnetic fields on biostructures are explained.

Microorganisms are known to have a high sensitivity to permanent magnetic fields (PMF). The fields effects depend on the condition of the object, and some characteristics of the field. These and other data are concerning the mutability under the influence of the fields. There are also opposite views.

It is investigated that PMF have stimulating effects in various plant species. We showed such stimulation for the first time [1, 2].

Important model experiments were carried out on RNA and DNA of different origin, which were in a solution and have a little influence of PMF. PMF can induce well-defined changes in chemical and physical properties of NA, and determine the orientation of genomes in PMF. The orientation was obtained for TMV and isometric viruses, which infect rose plants. Some ranges of PMF can induce disturbance of organelles structure that were contaminated by viruses.

A heat treatment is considered as a factor of influence on plants during vegetation in phytotrons. There are also methods like meristem culture, previous irradiation-irradiation and PMF meristem or garden material treatment. Interesting results were obtained about space heliophysical factors at department of virology of Kiev National University [5, 6]. It is shown that phytoviruses have some regularity in their reproduction, and change of microgravity and factors of space flight shows interesting interactions of plants with infection. It is important that clinostating of

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infected plants leads to some changes, for an example in reproduction of wheat viruses[1].

All presented data underline very strong changes, which can take place during viral infection at some environmental conditions.

There is an opportunity to look at the conditions into the cell as factors of the environment, which can influence on replication and realization of genetic material. From our point of view, very interesting is the complementary character of interactions between virus and host cell organelles. Our researches , show that only the complementary character can help to understand some positions of virus evolution, their assembling and application in biotechnological researches and genetic works[1].

Many factors can be mentioned which influence plant viruses and induce some changes in virus properties. These investigations open a way to solving theoretical and practical tasks in virus ecology. It should be pointed out that fast creation of up-to-date biotechnologies, carrying out tasks of genetic engineering with using of viruses requires quality control of virus contamination in various ecological niches. Carlavirus, tobamovirus and ilarvirus were studied.

The authors create the mathematical description [4] of process of infringement of virus particles morphology at influence gamma-irradiation in vitro, with help of which it is possible to investigate connections between change of the morphological and infectious characteristics of a virus (for example that the speed of infection decrease is more, than speed of fall of viruses structure (number of virus particles of pattern group).

Mathematical models of the influence of a constant magnetic field (CMF) on the development of a plant and on infectious properties of a virus according to a hypothesis about complex interaction of influences CMF simultaneously on a virus and on a plant are constructed. They confirm, that either for of an attacked plant to function or for a virus infection to function there is an extreme size of CMF (0,2 tesla), determining the maximal oppression of a virus infection.

A mathematical model of spasmodic reduction of the level of tobacco mosaic virus infection in vitro under influence of increased temperature, is constructed. The model enables to investigate an initial stage of an oppression of a virus and its complete loss of infectious properties. The concrete values of parameters of the model for given supervisions are found.

According to our researches, for some viruses it is possible to cause original crystallization. The mathematical formula for the description of the dynamics of the occurrence of virus inclusions is given in publications [5, 6].

There is constructed an formulation for the evaluation of nodule nitrogen fixing process breaking in infected leguminous plants is constructed. The mathematical models for the analysis of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of hop at a virus infection are offered. Besides the dynamic nonlinear model of the hop plant growth at a virus infection is given.

During development of discrete dynamic models of the plants processes at a virus infection on the basis of biological laws it is (taken into account such biostructure of the model which determines requirement of elements for the certain substances (potential intensivities), and the real value of substances which can be used by these elements (real intensivities of processes) is calculated. With the help of such approach to construction of mathematical models of a plant development it is possible to carry out researches of the models of virus reproduction influence on a general plant's condition in various ecological situations. Here the virus reproduction process can be

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considered as a “superfluous” element of the biostructure, on which the plant model uses its resources.

The string Dean plant development and nodule nitrogen fixing at a virus infection model is developed on basis of the developed; biostructure. The model enables to investigate processes at various changes of ecological conditions.

On the first sight the mathematical modeling in virology does not essentially differ from mathematical modeling of other biological systems. However viruses are original genetic populations, which have not the synthetic system, and use environment of the organism-owner, changing, first of all, its information code. Therefore researches on a joint of mathematics, cybernetics, virology and ecology can spill light on the questions about nature of viruses. Today the virus concept is wider then frameworks of biology. To take into consideration for example computer viruses, the damage from which becomes more significant in conditions of scientific and technical progress, and soon their influence will be not less essential, than influence of biological ones [1-6].

References

1.L. Boyko. Ecology of plant viruses, Kyiv: Higher School, 1990, 167 pp. (Russian)

2.Yuri V. Zagorodni, V. Voytenco, A. Boyko. Studying of an influence on plants’ organisms in condition of ecological instability and its estimating by mathematical modeling in CEIS system. // In book: Process Modeling, Cottbus. BTU, -, Berlin, Springer, 1999.– p.86-98.

3.Yuri Zagorodni, Anatoliy Boyko. Mathematical modeling in plant viruses researches, Kyiv, EcsOb, 2001, 153 pp.

4.Polischuk V. P., Budzanivska I. G., Rizhuk C. M., Patyka V. P., Boyko A. L. Monitoring of plant viral infections in biocenoses of Ukraine, Kyiv: Fitosociocenter, 2001, 220 pp. (Ukrainian)

5.Yu. Zagorodni, V. Voytenco, A. Boyko Studying Of The Influence Of Phytoviruses On Plant’s Organism In Conditions Of Ecological Instability And Its Estimation By Mathematical Modelling in CEIS System/ Papers of Processes Modelling, Cottbus, BTU. – Springer. 1999. –P. 86–98

6.Yu. Zagorodni, A. Boyko, I. Beiko Skrygun Constuction Of Computer Stimulation Of Critical

Plants State Under Influence Of Phytoviruses Infection And Ecological Unstability.// Papers of 15th IMACS World Congress On Scientific Computation, Modelling And Applied Mathematics, Berlin/Germany, August 1997

PROTEIN AND RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS OF PATELLA COERULEA LINNAEUS AROUND DARDANELLES

Mustafa ALPARSLAN

Çamakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Fisheries, 17100, Çanakkale, TURKEY.

Mehmet N. KUMRU

Ege University, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, 35100, Bornova, Ýzmir, TURKEY

1. Introduction

Marine potential food sources are not sufficiently known and evaluated yet. Additionally, the other food sources are exposed to hazardous environment pollution such as domestic and industrial pollutants. These pollutants may be of microbiological and physical-chemical nature like radiation. However, new food sources are needed and they have to be produced under hygienic conditions for ever-growing populations. Patella coerulea has a high protein content and it is possible to produce this gastropod under laboratory conditions. These marine products are presently being collected from mediolittoral rocks and stones. Some suspicious barrels dumped from vessels or ships around the Dardanelles can be detected. Unfortunately, not any publication on this subject was found in our region.

Weidman et al. [2] studied relations between mollusk (bivalves) and geochemistry. Corals have been used previously to reconstruct high resolution geochemical records of the surface of subtropical oceans, but no comparable tools have been developed for the colder, higher latitude oceans. It is reported that the application of accelerator mass spectrometry microsampling techniques allows it now. The carbonate shell of the long lived (approx. 200 years) mollusk (bivalves) at Arctic islands can be used to fulfill this role for the mid and high latitude North Atlantic Ocean, together with the sampling methods used to produce the first history of bomb 14C in the Northern Atlantic Ocean from Georges Bank (41θ N, 67θ W.)

Alpaslan et al. [1] (1995) did research on the seawater in relation to microbiological and physico-chemical parameters (salinity, ph, temperature, radium, total beta activity, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, ammonium, anionic, detergent).

Mayr [3] studied the capacity of a bivalv mollusk, Anomalocardia brasiliana, which lives in the local bottom sediment, to remobilize 60Co previously sorbed in the sediment. Processing is made by raising the temperature to the boiling point (350θC - 400θC) and adding additionally K2SO4 and Cu, Se (such as Hg catalyser). Under these circumstances organic nitrogen is converted to (NH4)SO4. Excessive NaOH is added and free NH3 is distilled into balanced acid solution by water vapor. The remaining acid is refiltered.

2. Material and methods

2.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

The Species-Patella coerulea L. belongs to: Phylum-Mollusca

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F. Brechignac and G. Desmet (eds.), Equidosimetry, 65–72.

© 2005 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.

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Classis-Gastropoda

Ordo-Prosobranchia

Subordo-Arcaeogastropoda

Family-Patellidae

Patella coerulea L. (Mediterranean Limpet) has a low conical shell up to 46 mm long (3rd station - Çardak); exterior of shell is with coarse radial corrugations leading to a wavy margin and many fine unequal radial ribs. The colour outside is grey- brown-red with white spots and radial marks; concentric growth rings may show as contrasting colour bands; inside coloration of fresh shell with dark stripes leading to the apex which is blue mother-of-pearl. The appearance of this limpet is very variable: colours fade with age an after dark. Habitat is firmly detached to the rocks, usually in the horizontal plane on the shore (similar species P. lusitanica) [4, 5].

Samples were collected from supralittoral areas and taken to the laboratory immediately. Shell and the meat were separated from each other. Total weight, length and width were determined.

We investigated 79 samples. One of these samples was 46 mm length in Çardak. These organisms were reported from Bosphorus and around the Bay of Ýzmir [6]. Chosen stations are from Kilitbahir to Kepez such as Kilitbahir (1), Lapseki (2), Çardak (3), Gelibolu (4) and Kepez (5) (Fig.1). All the samples were taken from supralittoral zones of the stations and taken to the laboratories as soon as possible. These samples were analyzed for protein (total Nitrogen) and radioactivity. The gastrointestinal system was discarded from the meat and homogenized in the blender. The protein analyses (Nitrogen determination) were performed by means of the Kjeldahl method.

2.2. CHEMICAL AND RADIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Indicators: Toshira indicator (as volume ρ 5 %, in 50θ of Alcohol saturated methyl red solution and in 25.50 % ethanol, 0.025 % 25 methylene blue mixed and phenolphthalein. Samples (homogenized will be settled to the Kjeldahl balloon, 2 ml H2SO4, 1 gr. K2SO4 and spatula CuSO4.5H2O and boiling stone is added. Firstly, to be heated for 10 min. slowly and then later heat be increased for approximately 30 min. untill solution turns colourless.

The time for dissolving changes from protein to protein, but is generally completed within two hours. The balloon is to be cooled till room temperature and approximately 10ml of distilled water be added. The vapour balloon is heated in the parnas-wager tool and water vapour passed into the system for 1-2 min, when the cooling is stoppedand some short heating is allowed. Thus accumulated material in the distillation balloon is reabsorbed. After this, it will open and continue to heat [8].

Method: The main principle depends on the weight of the glass balloon and the sample weight 10 gr., on cartridge. First of all, the fat is extracted with ether, the ether is then evaporated and and the remaining fat weighed [9].

(1)Total fat % = Last weight-tare x 100 / 10 gr. sample weight.

(2)Dampness % = (M1-M2) x 100 / (M1 + M0)

M0 = Tare

M1 = Plate weight (before heating and drying with the sample process)(gr.) M2 = Plate weight with the sample after (after heating and drying process)(gr.)

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(1)Samples were mixed with sand and ethanol completely and we began the drying process in the water bath, and dried the sample in 103ρ2 θC till it reached stable weight.

(2)The principle is to first disconnect the parts of the lipids, cover the sample with HCI and strain the reminder. Extraction is made by n-hexane method or petroleum ether.

Sample Preparation: Samples were stored under sterile conditions until analysis.

The samples were ashed at about 350θC to minimize the loss of 137Cs during ashing. After ashing, the samples were transferred to an air tight plastic container of 2.8 cm diameter and 8.0 cm height and were stored for a minimum period of one month so as

to make sure that radon and thoron daughter products could attain radioactive equilibrium with their respective parent 226Ra and 228Th [9].

The standard source has been prepared using calibrated solutions of various isotopes and mixing them in a known weight of Analar sodium oxalate to approximate the ash matrix of the sample. The thorium source was prepared by mixing thorium nitrate powder with sodium oxalate. The radium source was prepared by mixing uranium ore with sodium oxalate. The source for 40K was 20gr of Analar potassium chloride. The sources of 226Ra and 228Th were also stored in airtight plastic containers for a minimum period of one month.

Fig.1. Distribution of Stations.

The thorium nitrate and uranium ore used for the source preparation is more than 15 years old and hence ensures that 226Ra and 228Th has attained radioactive equilibrium with its daughters. The 137Cs source was prepared by mixing 137Cs standard solution with sodium oxalate.

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Samples and standards were counted in identical containers, and generally in 3”X3” well type NaI (Tl) integral line assembly housed in a 15cm thick lead shield lined with cadmium and copper [10]. The counting time for each sample was 1000 min. Each of the samples was counted three times giving a standard error 2-3 %; all activity values given in the following section are means of three measurements. Table 1 gives the energy region used for the estimation of various radionuclides, the conversion factors (concentration of the isotope/cpm due to the isotope in its ϑ energy region) as estimated from the standard source end the minimum detectable activities of the nuclides. The energies used for the estimation of 228Th (2.62MeV), 226Ra(1.76MeV), 40K(1.46), 137Cs(0.66MeV) and gross gamma (0.40-3.00MeV).

Table 1. Energy region used for the estimation of various isotopes, conversion factor and the minimum detectable activity of the system used.

3. Results and discussion

The results of the radioactivity measurements on the above samples are given in Table 2. All the concentrations are reported in Bq/kg of dry weight for meat and shell samples. None of the Patella coerulea L. examined presents any significant radiological hazard; according to our study, Patella coerulea has a high protein content. As it can be seen in Table 5. protein labels (total N) changes from 17.68% in station 2 (Çardak) to 13.10 (total N) in station 5 (Kepez). Because of the high protein level in station two might be concerned about its habitat and ecological factors. In addition to this, the fat level chances from 1.20% to 0.40% and dampness levels changes from 78% to 74% as it depends on the stations. We can conclude that this organism should be evaluated in regards to high protein levels and low fat levels, and therefore it will be very useful to produce Patella coerulea under laboratory conditions in the future.

Table 2. Estimated radioactivity level in the Patella coerulea L.

(LDL: Lower Detection Limit)