5. Выберите правильную форму глагола:

1. If I miss / I’ll miss the bus this afternoon, I’ll get a taxi instead.

2. We’ll have to go without John if he doesn’t arrive / won’t arrive soon.

3. They won’t refund / don’t refund your money if you haven’t kept your receipt.

4. Will you send me a postcard when you reach / you’ll reach Mexico?

5. If I make some coffee, do you cut / will you cut the cake?

6. Did you work / Would you work harder if you were better paid?

7. If you don’t complain / didn’t complain so much, you might be more popular.

8. Please don’t sign any contract before I’m checking / I’ve checked them.

9. Weren’t my friends / Wouldn’t my friends be envious if they could only see me now!

6. Закончите предложения используя собственные идеи.

1. What will you do if you miss your plane?

2. He’d be more friendly if he realized who we were.

3. If I hadn’t arrived, they wouldn’t have known what to do.

4. If I lend you this book, ____________________________ ?

5. You wouldn’t have felt ill if you _______________________________

6. If she didn’t gossip about he friends, she _________________________

7. Would you forgive me if I ___________________________________ ?

8. What would happen if I _____________________________________ ?

9. If he had listened to my advice, he _____________________________

10 If you were asked to work overtime, ___________________________ ?

11. If they ask you for money, ___________________________________ ?

12. Would you have sold your car if ______________________________ ?

13. If you see my brother _______________________________________ ?

14. She’ll soon feel better if she __________________________________

15. If you have been arrested, ___________________________________ ?

Слова и выражения, наиболее часто встречающиеся в научно-технической литературе

№1

as	как, в качестве; так как; по мере того как
as to …	что касается
as … as	так же, как; такой же, как
as early as	еще, уже + дата
as far as	поскольку, что касается
as a rule	как правило
as if	как будто
as well	также
as well as	так же, как
as a whole	в целом
as yet	до сих пор
for (prp) for (cj)	для, ради, за; 2) в течение так как
for the first time	впервые
for ever	навсегда
for example	например
for the rest	в остальном
for the sake of	ради
it It is necessary It is … that	он, она, оно /неодуш.; это; Необходимо (в безл. предл. не перев.) Именно … (усилит. оборот)
one One should know … one (ones)	один Следует знать (не переводится) заменяет существительное
since (prp) since (cj)	после, с с тех пор, как; 3) так как
that	1) тот, та, то 2) что 3) который

№2

according to	согласно, в соответствии
on account of	из-за, вследствие
to take into account	учитывать
apart from	помимо, независимо
account for	объяснять
approach	подход, метод
because of	из-за
besides	кроме того, помимо
both … and	как …, так и
but for	если бы не
in case	в случае, если
as in the case	как обстоит дело
to be concerned with	касаться, иметь дело
to take into consideration	принимать во внимание
data	данные
to deal with	иметь дело, рассматривать
a great deal of	много
due	должный, надлежащий
due to	благодаря
to be due to	обуславливаться
either	любой
either … or	или … или
even though	даже если; хотя
except for	за исключением, кроме
except that	кроме того, что

№3

few	мало
a few	несколько
force to force	сила заставлять
the former … the latter	первый … последний
in general	вообще
however	несмотря на
inspire of	несмотря на
at last	наконец
at least	по крайней мере
like	подобно, как
to be like	быть подобным
to be likely	вероятно
to be unlikely	маловероятно, вряд ли
to be alike	быть похожим
little	маленький, мало
a little	немного
mean	значить, обозначать средний 3) плохой
means	средство, средства
by means of	посредством, путем
by no means	ни в коем случае
minute	мельчайший
neither	ни один из
neither … nor	ни … ни
a number of	ряд, несколько
numerous	многочисленный
no longer	больше не, уже не

№4

once	однажды, как только
once more	еще раз
at once	сразу
only	только
the only	единственный
in part	частично
to take part	принимать участие
partially	частично
particular	особый
in particular	в особенности
per	на, за
provided	при условии, если
in many respects	во многих отношениях
to be responsible for	объяснять, являться причиной
to result from	проистекать
to result in	приводить к
for the sake of	ради
the same	тот же самый
so far as	так чтобы
so as	так чтобы
so that	с тем ,чтобы
and so on	и так далее
to take care of	заботиться
to take into consideration	принимать во внимание
to take place	иметь место, происходить

№5

to take steps	принимать меры
rather than	а не
that is	то есть
too	тоже; 2) слишком (перед прил.)
to turn out	оказывается
in turn	в свою очередь
unless	если не
unlike	в отличие от
up to, (It’s up to you)	вплоть до; (Вам решать)
to be of value	иметь значение
very	очень
the very	тот самый, как раз тот
in view of	ввиду
with a view to	с целью
to give way	уступать место
way	способ, путь, образ
whether	ли
the same	такой же, тот же самый
to be worth while	стоить
whatever	какой бы ни, что бы ни
whenever	когда бы ни, всякий раз как
while	пока, в то время как
not yet	еще нет
etc. (et cetera)	и так далее, и тому подобное
i.e. (id est)	т.е. (то есть)
vice versa	наоборот

Topics for oral discussion

THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Russia, the largest country in the world, occupies the territory of 17 mln square kilometers. It has always attracted visitors from neighbouring and distant countries. Russia is proud of its architec­ture, painting, and music. A lot of tourists come to our country to see its beauty and to admire its cultural achievements. As a rule they want to visit Moscow, St. Petersburg and the towns of the “Golden Ring”

The Russian Federation was founded in 1991. The Constitution was adopted in 1993. Russia is a Presidential Republic. It is headed by the President. The President is commander-in-chief of the armed forces, he makes treaties, enforces laws, appoints the Prime Minister, cabinet members, and key judges.

The Russian government consists of three branches: the legislative, the executive and the judicial. The power is distributed in such a way that each branch checks and balances the others. The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly. It consists of the Federation Council (upper house) and the State Duma (lower house). The members of the State Duma are elected by popular vote for a four-year period. The Fed­eration Council is not elected. It is formed of the heads of the regions. Each Chamber is headed by the Chairman. Legislature is initiated in the State Duma. But to become a law a bill must be approved by the Lower and Upper Houses and signed by the President. The executive power be­longs to the Government. The judicial branch is represented by the Con­stitutional Court, the Supreme Court, and regional courts.

The national flag of the Russian Federation is three coloured: white, blue and red. The symbol of the country is a two-headed eagle.

There are over two million rivers in Russia. The greatest rivers are the Don and Volga in its European part, and the Ob and Yenisey in West Siberia. The Ob is the longest river in Russia, but the Volga is the most important one. Many Russian towns are located along the Volga river. Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The world’s deepest lake is Lake Baikal. The water in the lake is very clear.

Russia is densely populated, but its population (about 150 mln) is unequally distrib­uted. People prefer to live in the European part of the country. Siberia is thinly inhabited. There are more than sixty nationalities and ethnic groups in Russia. Russia is an urban country — the majority of the Russian citi­zens live in cities. As Russia occupies vast territories there are various climatic zones in the country. Continental climate, with cold winters and warm summers prevails on the territory of Russia.

Russia is rich in mineral deposits such as coal, oil, and natural gas, as well as of iron ore, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, aluminium, and tin. Natural resources determine the development of the Russian economy. Russia's heavy industries produce much of the nation's steel and most of its heavy machinery.

The Republic of Bashkortostan

The Republic of Bashkortostan – a sovereign republic within the Russian Federation – was proclaimed on October 11, 1990. Political and economic independence inspires and gives new strength to each of inhabitants – from a rank-and-file worker to the President. At the same time, this independence places a great responsibility upon inhabitants for the fate and the future of the Republic.

Bashkortostan is located along the South Urals and the adjacent plains. Its territory is 143.600 square kilometers and the population is over 4 million people. About a hundred nationalities inhabit Bashkortostan: Bashkirs, Russians, Tatars, Chuvashes, Maris, Ukrainians, and Germans. The Republic numbers 20 cities, the largest being Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Neftekamsk, Oktyabrski. The capital city is Ufa.

The supreme body of the legislative and representative branch is the bicameral State Assembly - Kurultai. The highest executive organ is the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The Bashkortostan of today is one of the few regions of Russia developing without being subsidized from the federal centre. Moreover, the Republic participates in financing certain federal programs. All this has been the result of political and economic independence of Bashkortostan within the Russian Federation, of a well thought-out and balanced state policy in the sphere of economy.

In this connection it should be noted that the current state regulation has nothing in common with the former administrative-command system. Reasonable state regulation of the economy in the conditions of a transition to a market is being effected not by interfering with companies' operations and management, but by creating the environment for their smooth functioning, through developing and implementing dedicated programs for the promotion of certain industries and social support of the population, through streamlining the production-stimulating taxation system, through a strict enforcement of the laws of the Russian Federation and those of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The powerful economic potential of the Republic of Bashkortostan contributes to a successful development the Republic's foreign economic activities. Bashkortostan has been searching and finding efficient ways to develop foreign trade, to attract investments to the economy. Interstate relations in the economic and political spheres are vibrantly developing with direct contacts being established with international organizations and funds. Good contacts have been established with embassies and trade representations of West and East European countries, of the USA, India, Turkey, Japan, Thailand, Australia and the Arab countries. 

The dominating in the industrial potential of Bashkortostan are extracting industries - oil, gas and coal production, mining, timber procurement. Bashkortostan is a leading centre for chemical and petrochemical industries.

The present Bashkortostan belongs to Russian largest industrial centers specializing in raw materials extraction and processing, semi-finished goods production and export to other regions. Possessing abundant natural resources, a powerful scientific and manufacturing capability and – the main asset – hard-working and friendly people, the Republic of Bashkortostan is sure to cope with this challenging task.

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