III. Choose 5 any words from the vocabulary and make your own sentences.

IV. Match the words and their definitions

hierarchy	a feeling of being happy with your own character and abilities
deficiency	that is possible and likely to be achieved
assume	a system in which things are organized into different levels of importance from highest to lowest
profound	showing great knowledge or understanding
feasible	the state of not having enough of smth that is essential
self-esteem	the condition of being more important
issue	to take responsibility
precedence	a problem that smb has with smth

V. Complete the table

Noun	Adjective	Verb
motivation
	fulfilled
		accomplish
respectability
		illuminate

VI. Read the text “Goal and Need Hierarchies” goal and need hierarchies

Behavioral self-regulation explains how motivation that has no biological basis can guide and regulate behavior. Thus for, we have looked at the self-regulation model in relatively simple terms and in rather straightforward situations.

Scheier and Carver explain more complicated situations by viewing human goals as ordered hierarchically. They think that people have to superordinate goals, which are abstract, long-term goals: getting married, having children. But people also have more specific; subordinate goals to help them in their quest for the broader superordinate goals.

The notion of a hierarchy of goals has been proposed by other psychologists, most significantly by Abraham Maslow. Maslow suggested a way in which motives as diverse as biologically based hunger, achievement motivation and the need for self-esteem can be organized into a single hierarchy.

Maslow believed that the hierarchy of human motives, or needs, formed a pyramid. The base of the pyramid is made up of basic needs, physiological motives such as thirst and hunger. The intermediate level consists of psychological motives such as love and self-esteem. Motives at these two intermediate motivational levels are also known as deficiency needs; when they are not met, people seek to satisfy them in whatever way is feasible. Deficiency needs, in other words, are motivating when they are not met. Failure to fulfill these needs – failure to attain a feeling of security, social acceptance, or self-esteem can produce profound pathological discomfort. The highest motives in Maslow’s hierarchy, called metaneeds, include needs for intellectual accomplishments, creativity, justice, self-actualization (which is Maslow’s term for the fulfillment of the individual’s potential), and, finally, transcendence (a spiritual sense of peace, belonging, and oneness with the universe).

According to Maslow, when a lower need is not fulfilled, it takes precedence over any higher needs. Extreme hunger or thirst is so urgent that severely deficient individuals have no opportunity to worry about social acceptance or self-esteem, let alone the creative exercise of their talents. Similarly, people whose basic needs are filled but who continually need social acceptance are not free to create scholarly or artistic works. But once the lower need is reliably fulfilled, the person moves on to the next level of needs, which then assume priority.

Maslow’s theory provides us with a set of hypotheses about the precedence of different goals when they complete to control behavior. The theory also emphasizes, and thus reminds us of, the aspects of human motivation that extend beyond basic survival needs and economic accomplishments – that extend, in other words, into the most complex areas of human behavior.

VII. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1. Biological self-regulation explains how motivation can regulate our behavior.

2. Scheier and Carver think that people have only subordinate goals.

3. Skinner and Freud suggested the notion of a hierarchy of goals.

4. Maslow believed that the hierarchy of human needs formed a triangle.

5. The base of the triangle is made up of deficiency needs.

6. The intermediate level consists of psychological needs such as thirst and hunger.

7. The highest motives in Maslow’s hierarchy called metaneeds which include needs for love and self-esteem.

8. According to Maslow, when a higher need is not fulfilled, it takes precedence over any lower need.

9. Maslow’s concept of motivation is useful in drawing attention to the complexity of human motivation.

10. The theory also emphasizes the aspects of human motivation that extend beyond basic survival needs and economic accomplishments.