«Carbohydrates in our lives»

1. Письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

Carbohydrates commonly occur as starch and sugar. The chief function of starches and sugars in our lives is to produce energy. If we eat them and then if we don’t utilize their potential energy they are stored usually as fat. If ordinary sugar molecules are eaten they are split in two to give the simple sugars, glucose and fructose. Starches end up as glucose.

In the body metabolism, fats and carbohydrates play more or less interchangeable roles, but it is generally considered that health is best served if 40% to 50% of the total energy value of the food is in the form of carbohydrates, and 30% to 35% in the form of fats.

Кратко расскажите по-английски:

а) об образовании крахмала в растении;

б) о роли сахара в жизни организма.

UNIT 3

«FATS»

Active Vocabulary:

fat - жир,

fatty - жирный;

to protect - защищать,

protection- защита,

protective- защитный;

to derive– происходить, производить (от чего-либо),

derivative- производный,

derivation- происхождение;

to deplete, depletion– истощать, истощение;

layer- слой;

amount- количество;

excess- избыток;

equipment- оборудование;

knowledge- знание;

essential- незаменимый;

extreme– крайность, крайний;

to include - включать,

to perform - исполнять,

to refuse - отказываться,

to call on - обращаться;

to prove - доказывать;

Notes:

oil – масло/растительное или минеральное/

phospholipids– фосфолипиды

sterol – стерин

linseed - льняное семя

linoleic/linolenic acid - линолевая/леноленовая кислота

PRE-TEXT EXERCISES

1. Переведите на русский язык данные словосочетания.

to store the excess as fat, to be a characteristic of most living matter, including plants, when armed with all the equipment and knowledge in the world, our animal lives, to do without, to protect from shocks, extreme irritability, to be due to the depletion of fat, derived compounds, entire nervous system, for we make fat out of the carbohydrates we take in, unanswerable, observation of facts, to call on other animals, to manufacture itself, to get their names from linseed.

2. Пользуясь моделью, переведите данные словосочетания на русский язык.

fat-soluble - жирорастворимый/тот, который можно растворить/

water-soluble vitamins; water-soluble compound; acid-soluble material; alcohol-soluble substance; fat-soluble vitamin

semi-automatic - полуавтоматический

semi-stable; semi-solid; semi-dry; semi-lequid; semi-official; semi-frozen; semi-finishd goods; semi-synthetics; semi-starvation

3. Следуя модели, переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.

One may say... можно сказать… One must know… нужно знать… One can see ... можно видеть… One might/could suppouse… можно было бы предположить... One should remember… следует (следовало бы) помнить…

1. 0ne can see that the results of this experiment are of great importance. 2. One might argue about the significance of their research. 3. 0ne must admit that fats play a great part in the human diet. 4. One may say that life without food is impossible. 5. One should know that all fats are divided into two kinds – those of plant and animal origin.

It is necessary.. Необходимо... It was impossible... Было невозможно... It should be noted... Следует отметить…

1. It is necessary to know that foods rich in carbohydrates, proteins and fats are essential to the nutrition of any living organism. 2. It was impossible for chemists of the past to understand chemical reactions in food taken in by a body. 3. It should be known that the excess of sugars and starches is stored as fat.

Animals, human beings included, take in sugars and starches and store the excess as fat. The ability to make fats from carbohydrates or similar materials seems to be a characteristic of most living matter including plants. But man hasn’t been able to perform this task in the laboratory, even when armed with all the equipment and knowledge in the world. The microscopic walls of plant cells are much better laboratories than our scientists have yet been able to make.

The fatty foods perform some very important function in our animal lives; to do without them can be dangerous. Fats form a protective layer around the nerves, apparently to protect them from shocks. One of the characteristic results of semi-starvation is extreme irritability. It has been suspected that this may be due to the depletion of fat around the nerves.

Fats in the form of their derived compounds – phospholipids – also play an important part in our brain and entire nervous system. Another class of compounds derived from the fats and known as the sterols is also essential for the living organism. So one may say that, in its higher forms, life without fat is impossible.

Even admitting these facts, however, one might argue that they do not prove that a diet should contain any large amount of fat, for we make fat out of the carbohydrates we take in, hence sugars might be all that would be necessary to supply energy. As an argument this is unanswerable – but as an observation of facts it is a hundred per cent wrong. There are some necessary fats that our bodies refuse to, or cannot, manufacture and we need to call on other animals, such as cows, to help us out. Moreover, without fats in the diet we could not get a sufficient amount of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D and E.

There are two fatty acids, linileic and linolenic, which the body must have and which it cannot manufacture itself. These fatty acids get their names from linseed: oil in which they were first discovered. There are several other fats and fatty acids which are essential and which we do not make in our bodies.