Chapter 9 (pages 62-66)

1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:

crown – шелыга

extrados - верхняя выпуклая поверхность между пятами арки или свода

keystone – замковый камень

intrados – внутренняя поверхность арки

rise – стрела арки

abutment – опора, пята

springer – пятовый камень арки или свода

curvature – изгиб

centring, centering – кружало

flashing – гидроизолирующая прокладка

2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:

bricks, rise, separate, width, pressure, cemented, space, determined, arch, sedimentary, centering, span

a The … of the semicircular arch is … by the … of the opening.

b Battens help to maintain the … of the arch, if … is made of two timber ribs.

c In the process of arch construction … should be placed one at a time and … together.

d Cavity walls are the walls built in two … layers with a … between them.

e Heat and … changes in igneous and … rocks create metamorphic rocks.

3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:

a be / and / working / must / of /drawings / the / arches / The rise / segmental / on / shown / the / semicircular /

b of / curvature / to / a / arch / the / identical / completed / timber / the / must / The curvature / shape / of / be

c the / supporting / is / weight / the / on / masonry / the / centering / crucial / The strength / for / of /

d if / not / weather / out / rainfall / is / considerable / or / there / cold / Moisture / kept / is /

e insects / level / cavity / skin / the / open / at / prevents / through / joins / the / ground / Mesh / external / in / the / entering /

4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:

a Segmental and semicircular arches are the easiest to build with bricks, blocks, and stone.

b An arch may curve in any direction to be self-supporting.

c The centering should stay in its place until the cement mortar is hard.

d Cracks are possible in the arch if there is no movement before the mortar sets.

e Because of wall ties cavity walls have the same strength and stability as solid walls.

5. Answer the following questions:

a What are the stages of construction of an arch?

b What is a centering and what is it used for?

c What should one do with the mortar that falls down the cavity in a cavity wall?

d When do damp patches appear on the inner skin of a cavity wall?

e What types of stone are used for building? What is the difference between them?

6. Give a summary of the fragment.

Chapter 9 (pages 66-69)

1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:

dressing – шлифовка, выравнивание

mason’s hammer – молоток-кирочка каменщика

chip – откалывать, отбивать

pitcher – долото

stonemason (mason) – каменщик

header (bonding) stone – тычок каменной кладки

rough stone – бут

jamb – косяк, боковой откос

plaster – штукатурка (внутренние работы)

render – штукатурка (внешние работы)

2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:

alternate, mason, stone, bed, vertical, rock, mortar, raked, overlap, irregular, hold, dressed, spaces

a Each … for a wall must be selected and … by a skilled stonemason.

b Saving of … is possible if smaller pieces of stones are used to fill the … between the irregular stones.

c Straight … joints should be avoided by using large stones to … each other in … courses.

d The … always lays the rocks so that the natural … remains horizontal.

e An additional … for plaster or render is sometimes provided by … out joints.

3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:

a both / dress / the / and / face / to / Chisel / stones / the / used / pitcher / to / of / are /

b of / wall / back / bonded / by / should / The front / stones / properly / a / and / be / long /

c header / wall / be / meter / for / least / square / of / There / stones / two / at / each / should / the /

d should / openings / stretcher / at / Closers / maintain / used / bonding / true / to / the / be /

e are / building / blocks / openings / span / for / to / Concrete / not / the / used / archers / normally /

4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:

a Coursed random rubble walls consist of rough stones used in an almost natural state.

b Only an experienced mason working with rough stones can build a stable and pleasing to look at wall.

c In regular coursed rubble walls the height of the stones should be the same in all courses.

d All the aggregates for blocks shouldn’t be covered by quality standards.

e The factory-produced blocks must be tested for strength and density.

5. Answer the following questions:

a What types of blocks do you know? What’s the difference between them?

b What are the general principles of block manufacture?

c Are there any special tools used in stone masonry?

d What are the types of stone walls? What’s the difference between them?

e Do you know any rules for working with stone? What are they?

6. Give a summary of the fragment.