Chapter 7 (pages 34-38)

1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:

crack – трещина, щель, давать трещину

a confined site – небольшая строительная площадка

edge – край, граница

to be at risk – подвергаться риску

water table – уровень грунтовых вод

strut – распорка

wedge – клин

pump – насос, откачивать насосом

hose – шланг

sump – грязеотстойник

bucket – ведро

pneumatic drill – пневматический бур

2. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:

a loads / too / be / to / are / heavy / supported / Excavations / their / placed / close / edges

/ must / when

b strong / support / is / buildings / to / base / A rock / small / normally / enough /

c the / drill / rock / a / into / that / power / A compressor / hand-held / for / provides / pneumatic / drills / solid

d rock / into / concrete / framework / poured / the / be / ground / ground / Some / is / if / above / timber / level / should / the / at

e excavation / be / the / naturally / it / All / drain / of / should / rain / if / the / away / water / doesn’t / pumped out

3. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:

a The lives of workers are at risk if the contractor takes proper precautions.

b The hose should have a filter to prevent dirt from coming up into the pump.

c Every base may be well packed so that the building is stable.

d To make sure that the concrete leveling strip doesn’t move holes in rock foundations must be drilled.

e Struts are pieces of timber used to maintain the pressure of the polings against the soil.

4. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, translate the sentences into Russian, there is one extra word:

water table, backacter , surface, changes, stability, provide, hand, amount, to shrink, concrete, sloping

a The … usually varies according to the seasons and the … of rainfall.

b In order to cope with the … in levels the design for a … site may have different floor levels.

c A trench that is dug out by a backacter will usually need to be finished off by … .

d The weather is the crucial factor for the … of an excavation, it may cause the soil …, crack or fall in.

e A … leveling strip may be needed if the rock doesn’t … a level base for the walls.

5. Answer the following questions:

a Should all types of soil be supported?

b What method of excavation is used when you need a level site in spite of the slope?

c What is the difference between polings, walings, struts and wedges?

d Which pieces of equipment remove the top soil and reduce the levels?

e What are the possible intervals between polings?

f Which pieces of equipment can remove the soil from the site?

g What factors are important for working safely in excavations?

6. Give a summary of the fragment.

Chapter 8 (pages 43-47)

1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:

slab – плита

mesh – арматурная сетка

overlap – напуск, нахлестка

brick course – горизонтальный ряд кирпичной кладки

conventional – традиционный, обычный

to overcome the problem – решить проблему

bore – бурить, сверлить

trunk – ствол дерева, стержень колонны

to contract – сжиматься, сокращаться

clay – глина

moisture – влага

black cotton soil – регур (тяжелый глинистый грунт)

respond – отвечать, реагировоть

flint – кремень

bored (replacement) pile – буро-заливная свая

driven (displacement) pile – забивная свая

2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, translate the sentences into Russian:

solution, size, strength, short-bored, bearing capacity, piled foundations, building loads, mesh reinforcement, surface, framed buildings

a The total … and the load bearing capacity of the soil are crucial for the … of the pad foundation.

b The … of the raft foundation is increased by … .

c Poor soil conditions, lightweight … , small houses usually require … piled foundations.

d If the soil has a poor … , raft foundations are a good … .

e The … should be built when the soil near the … is not strong enough.

3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:

a holes / soil / usually / The / load-bearing / trial / is / shown / depth / suitable / of / by

b thickness / should / change / strip / the / not / The / more / in / the / foundation/ be / level / than / of

c concrete / an / floor / that / of / building / Raft / is / slab / the / foundation / forms / the / ground / oversite

d be / some / pile-driving / with / auger / by / process / The / soil / an / should / removing / preceded

e piers / and / pad / free-standing / usually / Concrete / foundations / brick / supported / are / columns / by

4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:

a Piles should be placed on the centre line of the walls that need support.

b The slab that forms the raft foundations must be thickened at the edges with an edge beam.

c The higher level foundation should extend over and meet with the lower one for a distance not less than its thickness .

d The load is distributed evenly over the ground in case a rectangular pad foundation is built .

e Bored piles are normally hammered into soft ground at measured intervals .

5. Answer the following questions:

a When and why are the stepped foundations built?

b What factors control the width and thickness of a strip foundation?

c What is a pad foundation? What is it used for?

d What are the types of piled foundations?

e When is it impossible to use piled foundations?

f What is a raft foundation?

g When is it preferable to build a raft foundation?

6. Give a summary of the fragment.